COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community
People who live within a geographically defined area
and who have social and psychological ties with each
other and with the place where they live (Mattessich
and Monsey 2004: 56).
A grouping of people who live close to one another and
are united by common interests and mutual aid
(National Research Council 1975; cited in Mattessich
and Monsey 2004: 56).
These definitions refer first to people and the ties that
bind them and second to geographic locations.
Community Development
Most practitioners think of community development as
an outcome:
physical, social, and economic improvement in a community.
Most academicians think of community development
as a process:
the ability of communities to act collectively and enhancing the ability
to do so.
community development should be considered as both
a process and an outcome
Community Development
A process: developing and enhancing the ability to
act collectively, and
an outcome: (1) taking collective action and (2)
the result of that action for improvement in a
community in any or all realms: physical,
environmental, cultural, social, political,
economic, etc.
As a process and an outcome, it is inextricably
linked to economic development, which may also
be defined as a process and an outcome.
Community Development
what facilitates or leads to community development?
The community development literature generally refers to this as
social capital or social capacity.
social capital or capacity is the extent to which members of a
community can work together effectively to:
develop and sustain strong relationships;
solve problems and make group decisions; and
collaborate effectively to plan, set goals, and get things done.
Community and Economic Development Chain
(Phillip and Pittman, 2009)
Community development
Outcome
Taking action; community
improvement; Development ready
community
Capacity building Economic development
Community development Social outcome
process Capital Job creation, increase in income
ability to act and wealth, increase in standard
Developing the ability to act
of living
Economic development
process
Creating and maintaining
development programs
Mobilizing resources
Social Capital:
individual level and community
level
Bourdieu’s (1986): Social capital is an attribute of an
individual in a social context. One can acquire social capital
through purposeful actions and can transform that capital
into conventional economic gains. The ability to do so,
however, depends on the nature of the social obligations,
connections, and networks available to you.
Sobel (2002): social capital “describes circumstances in
which individuals can use membership in groups and
networks to secure benefits.”
Social Capital:
individual level and community
level
Mattessich and Monsey (1997) define community social
capacity as: “The extent to which members of a community
can work together effectively.” This includes the abilities to:
develop and sustain strong relationships; solve problems and
make group decisions; and collaborate effectively to identify
goals and get work done.
The term “community social capacity” applies holistically to
an entire community. It is an attribute of a community, not of
any specific members.
Social Capital:
individual level and community
level
If people who live within the same geographic area do not know one
another and have little contact with one another, the likelihood is low that
they can get together to define community goals or respond productively
with one voice to a community issue. Their community social capacity is
low.
On the other hand, if people who live within the same geographic area do
know one another, share a large number of social ties, and feel a
commitment to the place where they live, then community social capacity
is high.
Who practices community
and economic development?
All citizens who are interested in moving their communities forward
should consider themselves practitioners of community and
economic development.
To be successful and sustainable, community and economic
development plans should be based on input from all socio-economic
groups – everyone should feel that they have a voice in their
community’s future.
Successful implementation of community and economic development
programs requires the engagement and collective action of all
citizens.
Community
and economic developers?
Two basic groups: paid professionals and volunteers.
Any paid professional in the public or private sector who is working to improve their part of the
community in any of these fields is a community developer
a community development professional would be anyone
working in a government, nonprofit or other organization
whose job definition involves improving certain aspects of
a community for benefit of the community itself.
Community and economic development volunteers include residents participating in community
and economic development activities such as public meetings, planning sessions or community
initiatives as well as board members of community and economic development organizations.
Success in community and economic development
requires dedicated, well-trained professionals and
volunteers alike working together effectively for the
community’s benefit.
Community development
principles of practice
John W. (Jack) Vincent II
1. Self-help and self-responsibility are required for successful
development.
2. Participation in public decision making should be free and open.
3. Broad representation and increased breadth of perspective and
understanding are conditions that are conducive to effective CD.
4. Methods that produce accurate information should be used to
assess the community, to identify critical issues, strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis).
5. Understanding and general agreement (consensus) is the basis for
community change.
Community development
principles of practice
John W. (Jack) Vincent II
6. All individuals have the right to be heard in open discussion
whether in agreement or disagreement with community norms.
7. All citizens may participate in creating and re-creating their
community.
8. With the right of participation comes the responsibility to respect
others and their views.
9. Disagreement needs to be focused on issues and solutions, not on
personalities or personal or political power.
10. Trust is essential for effective working relationships and must be
developed within the community before it can reach its full
potential.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT VALUES AND BELIEFS
1. People have the right to participate in decisions that affect them.
2. People have the right to strive to create the environment they desire.
3. People have the right to make informed decisions and reject or modify externally
imposed conditions.
4. Participatory democracy is the best method of conducting community business.
5. Maximizing human interaction in a community will increase the potential for
positive development.
6. Creating a community dialogue and interaction among citizens will motivate
citizens to work on behalf of their community.
7. Ownership of the process and commitment for action is created when people
interact to create a strategic community development plan.
8. The focus of CD is cultivating people’s ability to independently and effectively deal
with the critical issues in their community.
4
Ladder of Citizen Participation (Arnstein)
8
Citizen control
7
Delegated power Participation
6
Partnership
5
Placation
4
Consultation Tokenism
3
Informing
2
Therapy
Non-
1
Manipulation participation
5
Ladder of Citizen Participation (Choguill, 1996)
1
Empowerment
2
Partnership Participation
3
Conciliation
4
Dissimulation
5
Diplomacy Manipulation
6
Informing
7
Conspiracy Rejection
8
Self-management Neglect
3
Partisipasi Masyarakat
Partisipasi masyarakat adalah suatu usaha terencana
untuk melibatkan masyarakat dalam proses pembuatan
keputusan (decision-making) ....
Partisipasi adalah redistribusi kekuasaan (power)/
kewenangan (authority)
Partisipasi masyarakat dapat dianggap sebagai suatu
instrumen pemberdayaan (empowerment)
