Scribd
Upload
718 views14 pages

Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Plant Disease Development

This document discusses the role of various plant growth regulators (hormones) in plant disease development. It describes the major classes of plant hormones - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene - and how pathogens can manipulate the levels or activity of these hormones to promote infection and disease symptoms. For example, some pathogens produce auxins to enhance growth of galls and tumors, while others inhibit the breakdown of auxins. Cytokinin levels also increase in infections like clubroot and rusts. Ethylene levels rise during fruit ripening and in response to stress, and some pathogens exploit this to enhance disease symptoms.

Uploaded by

KA Angappan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • fruit ripening,
  • IAA oxidase,
  • nutrient flow,
  • premature yellowing,
  • gibberellins,
  • senescence,
  • crown gall,
  • plant growth promotion,
  • cell elongation,
  • cytokinins
718 views14 pages

Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Plant Disease Development

This document discusses the role of various plant growth regulators (hormones) in plant disease development. It describes the major classes of plant hormones - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene - and how pathogens can manipulate the levels or activity of these hormones to promote infection and disease symptoms. For example, some pathogens produce auxins to enhance growth of galls and tumors, while others inhibit the breakdown of auxins. Cytokinin levels also increase in infections like clubroot and rusts. Ethylene levels rise during fruit ripening and in response to stress, and some pathogens exploit this to enhance disease symptoms.

Uploaded by

KA Angappan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • fruit ripening,
  • IAA oxidase,
  • nutrient flow,
  • premature yellowing,
  • gibberellins,
  • senescence,
  • crown gall,
  • plant growth promotion,
  • cell elongation,
  • cytokinins

Role of Plant Growth

Regulators in
Plant Disease Development
 Hormones
 plant produced natural compounds that inhibit or promote plant
growth

 Major classes of plant growth regulators (hormones) are:


1. Auxins
2. Gibberellins
3. Cytokinins
4. Abscisic acid
5. Ethylene
Auxin

s promoting chemicals
Growth

 Promote cell division and cell elongation

 Primary plant auxin - indoleacetic acid (IAA)


 Common synthetic forms - indolebutyric acid (IBA) and
naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)
 Useful in phototropism, geotropism, apical dominance, and root
formation
Gibberellin
s
 Also known as Gibberellic acid or GA

 Growth promoting chemicals

 Stimulate stem growth through cell elongation and cell division

 Commercial supplies obtained from the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi


Cytokinin
s
 Promote cell division and delay leaf aging

 Used as a growth promoter in tissue culture

 Slows the process of senescence (biological aging) by preventing


the breakdown of chlorophyll in leaves
Abscisic acid
(ABA)
 Only natural plant growth inhibitor

 Growth inhibitor that closes the stomates of plants under water


stress

 Counteracts the effects of auxins and gibberellins

 Cycocel and B-Nine are two synthetic ABA type growth inhibitors
commonly used
Ethylen
e
 Gas that forms in tissue undergoing stress

 Important in the fruit-ripening process and early petal drop of


flowers
Auxins

 Plant infection by various pathogens & nematodes to enhance auxin


levels - some pathogens lower the auxin level of the host.
 Some of the pathogens

 not only increases levels of IAA in their hosts, but produces IAA.

 In some diseases-increased levels of IAA due to the decreased

degradation of IAA through the inhibition of IAA oxidase,


 e.g. in corn smut and stem rust of wheat,

 Clubroot ; Plasmodiophora brassicae


 Eg. clubroot of cabbage
(Plasmodiophora brassicae)
 A. tumefaciens - crown gall and leafy gall of
sweet pea
 Corn smut (Ustilago maydis),

 Cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium Juniperi-

virginianae),
Panama wilt of banana (Fusarium
oxysporum [Link])
 The root knot nematode
(Meloidogyne sp.),
(A)

(B)

(A) External and cross-sectional view of crown gall on a rose stem caused
by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. (B) Schematic
representation of the structure of Ti plasmid of the bacterium and of the
transfer, integration, and expression of T-DNA in an infected plant that
results in the production of crown gall tumors.
Gibberellins
 Gibberellins - constituents of green plants and are also produced by
several microorganisms.
 The best-known gibberellin : gibberellic acid.

 Gibberellins seem to activate genes that have been previously


“turned off.”
 Gibberellins first isolated from Gibberella fujikuroi, the cause of the
foolish seedling disease of rice or bakanae
Cytokinins
 Cytokinins are necessary for cell growth and differentiation.

 they inhibit the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids-inhibition of

senescence,
 they have the capacity to direct the flow of amino acids and other

nutrients through the plant toward the point of high cytokinin


concentration.
 Cytokinins occur in very small concentrations in green plants, in

seeds, and in the sap stream.


 Several cytokinins, e.g., zeatin and isopentenyl adenosine (IPA),

isolated from plants.


Cytokinins
 Cytokinin activity increases in club root galls, crown galls, smut and
rust galls, and in rust-infected leaves.

 A cytokinin is partly responsible for several bacterial galls of plants,

 e.g. “leafy” gall disease of sweet pea caused by the bacterium

Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) fascians, and


 the witches’ broom diseases caused by fungi and mollicutes.
Ethylene
 Produced naturally by plants,
 Ethylene exerts a variety of effects on plants, including chlorosis, leaf
abscission, epinasty, stimulation of adventitious roots, and fruit ripening.
 Ethylene also causes increased permeability of cell membranes, which
is a common effect of infections.
 In the fruit of banana infected with Ralstonia solanacearum, the
ethylene content increases proportionately with the (premature)
yellowing of the fruit, whereas no ethylene can be detected in
healthy fruits.
 In Verticillium wilt of tomato, the presence of ethylene at the time of
infection inhibits disease development, whereas the presence of
ethylene after infection has been established enhances Verticillium
wilt development.

You might also like