Course content
Power supply
Regulators
Filters
Oscillators
Voltage Regulator
Outline Introduction
Voltage Regulation
Line Regulation
Load Regulation
Series Regulator
Shunt Regulator
Introduction
Regulator: a circuit used to produces a constant dc output
voltage by reducing the ripple to negligible amount. One part
.of power supply
Introduction
Regulator - Zener diode regulator
For low current power supplies - a simple voltage regulator
can be made with a resistor and a zener diode connected in
.reverse
Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage Vz and
maximum power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W)
Voltage Regulation
:Two basic categories of voltage regulation are
line regulation
load regulation
The purpose of line regulation is to maintain a nearly
.constant output voltage when the input voltage varies
The purpose of load regulation is to maintain a nearly
constant output voltage when the load varies
Line Regulation
Line regulation: A change in input (line) voltage does not significantly affect the
output voltage of a regulator (within certain limits)
Line Regulation
Line regulation can be defined as the percentage change in
.the output voltage for a given change in the input voltage
VOUT
Line regulation 100%
VIN
”Δ means “a change in
Line regulation can be calculated using the following
:formula
Line regulation
VOUT / VOUT 100%
VIN
Load Regulation
Load regulation: A change in load current (due to a varying RL) has practically no
effect on the output voltage of a regulator (within certain limits)
Load Regulation
Load regulation can be defined as the percentage change in
.the output voltage from no-load (NL) to full-load (FL)
VNL VFL
Load regulation 100%
VFL
:Where
VNL = the no-load output voltage
VFL = the full-load output voltage
Types of Regulator
Fundamental classes of voltage regulators are linear
.regulators and switching regulators
Two basic types of linear regulator are the series regulator
. and the shunt regulator
The series regulator is connected in series with the load
and the shunt regulator is connected in parallel with the
.load
Series Regulator
Control element in series
Circuit
with load between input
.and output
Output sample circuit
senses a change in output
.voltage
Error detector compares
sample voltage with
reference voltage → causes
control element to
compensate in order to
maintain a constant output
.voltage
Op-Amp Series Regulator Control Element
VREF
Sample
Error Detector Circuit
Op-Amp Series Regulator
The resistor R1 and R2 sense a change in the output voltage
.and provide a feedback voltage
The error detector compares the feedback voltage with a
.Zener diode reference voltage
The resulting difference voltage causes the transistor Q1
controls the conduction to compensate the variation of the
.output voltage
The output voltage will be maintained at a constant value
R1
Vo 1 VZ :of
R2
Example
.Determine the output voltage for the regulator below
)Solution: 10.2 V(
Shunt Regulator
The unregulated input voltage
Circuit
.provides current to the load
Some of the current is pulled
.away by the control element
If the load voltage tries to change
due to a change in the load
resistance, the sampling circuit
provides a feedback signal to a
.comparator
The resulting difference voltage
then provides a control signal to
vary the amount of the current
shunted away from the load to
maintain the regulated output
.voltage across the load
Op-Amp Shunt Regulator
Op-Amp Shunt Regulator
When the output voltage tries to decrease due to a change
in input voltage or load current caused by a change in load
.resistance, the decrease is sensed by R1 and R2
A feedback voltage obtained from voltage divider R1 and R2
is applied to the op-amp’s non-inverting input and
compared to the Zener voltage to control the drive current
.to the transistor
The current through resistor RS is thus controlled to drop a
.voltage across RS so that the output voltage is maintained
Transistor Shunt Regulator
The control element is a transistor, in parallel with the load.
.While, the resistor, RS, is in series with the load
The operation of the transistor shunt regulator is similar to
that of the transistor series regulator, except that regulation is
achieved by controlling the current through the parallel
transistor
Transistor Shunt
Resistor R drops the
S
Regulator
unregulated voltage depends on
.current supplied to load RL
Voltage across the load is set by
zener diode and transistor base-
.emitter voltage
If RL decrease, a reduced drive
current to base of Q1
.shunting less collector current
Load current, IL is larger,
maintaining the regulated
.voltage across load
Transistor Shunt Regulator
:The output VL toVZthe Vload
Vo voltage BE is
voltage across the load is set by the Zener diode voltage and
.the transistor base-emitter voltage
If the load resistance decreases,
VL the load current will be
IL :larger at a value of
RL
The increase in load current causes the collector current
I C is to
:shunted by the transistor I Sbeless
IL
Vi VL
I S :The current through R
RS S
Example
.Determine the regulated voltage, VL and circuit currents
)Solution: VL=8.9 V; IL=89 mA; IS=109 mA; IC=20 mA(
Lec (1)
Power supply
AC/DC POWER SUPPLY
An alternating current (AC) is an electrical current whose magnitude
and direction vary cyclically, as opposed to direct current (DC) or
continuous current , whose direction remains constant. The usual
waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave, as this results in the
most efficient transmission of energy. However in certain applications
.different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square waves
The amplitude of AC
V
Veff
2
An AC voltage v can be described mathematically as a function of time by the
following equation:
Vpeak is the peak voltage (unit: volt),
ω is the angular frequency (unit: radians per second)
The angular frequency is related to the physical frequency,
f, which represents the number of oscillations per second
(unit = hertz), by the equation ω =
How to compare AC and DC
AC voltage is usually expressed as a root mean square (RMS) value,
:written Vrms. For a sinusoidal voltage
Vrms is useful in calculating the power consumed by a load. If a DC voltage
of VDC delivers a certain power P into a given load, then an AC voltage of
Vpeak will deliver the same average power P into the same load if Vrms =
VDC. Because of this fact, RMS is the normal means of measuring AC
voltage.
110VAC is actually the RMS value which is used from the energy companies
in America. But the voltage peak value is 155.55V.
AC/DC POWER SUPPLY
Block-Diagramm
AC/DC POWER SUPPLY
Circuit diagram :
Note: This configuration applies for 230V (Europe).
:Transformer
Function: A transformer is a device used to
increase (step up) or decrease (step down) the AC
.voltage in a circuit
Rectifier:
Diode
Ideal Diode Real Diode
Half Wave Rectifier:
Full Wave Rectifier:
Link to PDF with the bridge rectifier
animation
One disadvantage of the full-wave rectifier is that there is a voltage loss
of 1.4V across the diodes.
You could either build a full wave rectifier bridge out of 4 diodes (i.e. 1N4001
capable of 50V and 1A) or an already made rectifier as the one shown below:
While the full-wave rectifier is an improvement on the half-wave rectifier, its
output still isn't suitable as a power supply for most circuits since the output
voltage still varies between 0V and Vs-1.4V. So, if you input 12V AC, you will
get 10.6V DC output.
This is why the 'smoothing' block, described in the next chapter is required.
Smoothing:
Vr
I
Vr
2C. f
Where: I [Amps], C [F], f [Hz]
and Vr [V]
Note: The ripple voltage shouldn't
be higher than 10% of Vs.
Regulation:
Reason: While there are many circuits that will tolerate a smoothed power
supply, some must have a completely regular supply with no ripple voltage.
