APA Style
An introduction to formatting and citation
What is APA Style?
● APA = American Psychological Association
● Based on the APA Publication Manual
● The 7th edition is the latest, published in 2019
● Used widely, especially in the social sciences
● Provides guidelines for language, formatting, and citations
APA format guidelines
General formatting
● Times New Roman 12 pt, Calibri 11 pt, Arial 11 pt, etc.
● Double line spacing
● One-inch (2.54 cm) margins
● Page number in the top right
● Running head in the top left (if submitting for publication)
Levels of heading
Title page
Tables and figures
In-text citations
Basic in-text citation format
Parenthetical citation
It is important to avoid plagiarism in academic writing (Smith, 2020, p.
15).
Narrative citation
Smith (2020, p. 15) states that it is important to avoid plagiarism in
academic writing.
Multiple authors
Parenthetical citation Narrative citation
1 author (Smith, 2020) Smith (2020)
2 authors (Smith & Jones, 2020) Smith and Jones (2020)
3+ authors (Smith et al., 2020) Smith et al. (2020)
Missing information
No author (Scribbr, 2020)
(“Statistical analysis,” 2020)
No date (Smith, n.d.)
No page numbers (Smith, 2020, para. 10)
Combining citations
X (Smith, 2020) (Jones, 2015) (McCombes et al.,
2017)
✓ (Jones, 2015; McCombes et al., 2017; Smith, 2020)
The reference list
Reference or no reference?
Page on a website Interview you
conducted
Article from an
academic journal Email from an
expert
Book used as
background reading Chapter from a book
that you cited
PowerPoint slides
from a lecture Facebook status
✓ Reference required X No reference required ? It depends…
Page on a website Interview you conducted Facebook status
Book Email Lecture slides
Article from an academic Background reading
journal
Format of the reference page
Components of a reference entry
1. Author
2. Date
3. Title
4. Source
The author component
One author Anderson, B.
Multiple authors Andreff, W., Staudohar, P. D., & LaBrode, M.
Corporate author Scribbr.
With username Obama, B. [@BarackObama].
With specific role Scott, R. (Director).
The date component
Year only (books and journals) (2020).
Full date (web pages, newspapers, (2020, November 20).
online videos)
No publication date available (n.d.).
Retrieval date for online sources Retrieved December 3, 2020, from …
that are continually updated
The title component
Italics for standalone Statistical methods for psychology.
sources (books, films)
Plain text for sources The evolving European model of sports finance.
within sources (articles,
chapters, web pages)
Square brackets to [Photograph of a wren].
describe untitled sources
The source component
Book publisher Verso.
Journal issue Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3), 257–276.
[Link]
Website BBC News.
[Link]
Physical location Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain.
The full reference entry
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and
spread of nationalism. Verso.
Andreff, W., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of
professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3),
257–276. [Link]
Rowlatt, J. (2020, October 19). Could cold water hold a clue to a
dementia cure? BBC News. [Link]
Scribbr citation generator
Recommended
resources
Free Scribbr resources
● Knowledge Base (300+ articles)
● Citation Generator
● YouTube Channel
Other resources
● Buy the APA Manual
● Check out the APA Style Blog
Hi, we’re Scribbr 👋
We are a team of 60 people in Amsterdam, and we partner with more than 500
freelance editors across the globe to help students graduate and become better
academic writers.
Every day, we work hard on our Proofreading & Editing service, Plagiarism Checker,
Citation Generator, Knowledge Base and educational YouTube channel.
Guidelines for using this presentation
This presentation can be freely used and modified for educational purposes. You
may:
✓ Display this presentation in a classroom environment
✓ Modify or delete slides
✓ Distribute this presentation in print or in private student environments (e.g.
Moodle, BlackBoard, Google Classroom)
Please do give credit to Scribbr for creating this resource.
Questions or feedback? Email shona@[Link] and we’ll be in touch!
