Stress- Strain Diagram
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 1
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Introduction
• Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in
tension-compression-testing machine.
• As the axial load is gradually increased in
increments, the total elongation over the gauge
length is measured at each increment of the load
and this is continued until failure of the
specimen takes place.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 2
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
• Knowing the original cross-sectional area and
length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and
the strain ε can be obtained.
• The graph of these quantities with the
stress σ along the y-axis and the strain ε along
the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 3
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
• The stress-strain diagram differs in form for
various materials. The diagram shown below
is that for a medium-carbon structural steel.
• A ductile material is one having relatively
large tensile strains up to the point of rupture
like structural steel and aluminum,
• Whereas brittle materials has a relatively small
strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron
and concrete. An arbitrary strain of 0.05
mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing
line between these two classes
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 4
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Stress-strain diagram of a medium-carbon structural steel
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 5
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)
•From the origin O to the point called
proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a
straight line. This linear relation between
elongation and the axial force causing was first
noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is
called Hooke's Law that within the proportional
limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain
or
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 6
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
• The constant of proportionality k is called
the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's
Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-
strain diagram from O to P. Then
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 7
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Elastic Limit
• The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the
material will no longer go back to its original
shape when the load is removed, or it is the
maximum stress that may be developed such
that there is no permanent or residual
deformation when the load is entirely removed.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 8
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Elastic and Plastic Ranges
• The region in stress-strain diagram from O to
P is called the elastic range.
• The region from P to R is called the plastic
range.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 9
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Yield Point
• Yield point is the point at which the material
will have an appreciable elongation or yielding
without any increase in load.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 10
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Ultimate Strength
• The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain
diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 11
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Yield Strength
•Yield strength, or the yield point, is defined in
engineering as the amount of stress that a
material can undergo before moving from elastic
deformation into plastic deformation.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 12
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Prediction of Yield Point in Brittle Materials
• Poorly defined yield point as in the case of
brittle materials is shown in Fig. For the
determination of the yield strength in such
materials, following the general practice, one
has to draw a straight line parallel to the elastic
portion of the stress-strain curve at a
predetermined strain ordinate value (say
0.1%).
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 13
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
• The point at which this line intersects the
stress vs. strain curve is the yield point at off-
set and called the yield strength at 0.1% or
0.2% off- set strain.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 14
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Ultimate Tensile Strength
•The Ultimate Tensile Strength - UTS - of a
material is the limit stress at which the material
actually breaks, with sudden release of the stored
elastic energy.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 15
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Rapture Strength
• Rapture strength is the strength of the material at
rupture. This is also known as the breaking strength.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 16
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Necking
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 17
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Modulus of Resilience
• Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit
volume of material as the force is gradually
increased from O to P, in N·m/m3.
• This may be calculated as the area under the
stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the
elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure).
• The resilience of the material is its ability to
absorb energy without creating a permanent
distortion.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 18
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Modulus of Toughness
• Modulus of toughness is the work done on a
unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to R, in N·m/m 3.
• This may be calculated as the area under the
entire stress-strain curve (from O to R).
• The toughness of a material is its ability to
absorb energy without causing it to break.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 19
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Working Stress, Allowable Stress,
and Factor of Safety
• Working stress is defined as the actual stress of
a material under a given loading.
• The maximum safe stress that a material can
carry is termed as the allowable stress.
• The allowable stress should be limited to
values not exceeding the proportional limit.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 20
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
• However, since proportional limit is difficult to
determine accurately, the allowable stress is taken
as either the yield point or ultimate strength
divided by a factor of safety.
YieldPo int
AllowableStress
FactorofSafety
• The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield
strength) to allowable strength is called the factor
of safety.
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 21
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Strain
•Strain is "deformation of a solid due to stress" - change in
dimension divided by the original value of the dimension -
and can be expressed as
ε = dL / L (1)
where
•ε = strain (m/m) (in/in)
•dL = elongation or compression (offset) of the
object (m) (in)
•L = length of the object (m) (in)
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 22
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Hook’s Law
• If the resultant axial stress does not exceed the
proportional limit of the material, then Hook’s law
can be applied
E
L
= Axial stress
L= Axial strain
E
E = Modulus of Elasticity
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 23
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
• We know that stress is :
P
•
A
• And Strain is:
L
L
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 24
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
• According to Hook’s Law
E
• Putting the values of stress and strain
P L
E
• Rearranging: A L
PL or L
L L
EA E
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 25
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:
03/14/2021 26
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
