MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS
Chapter 1
Introduction
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
What Is An Operating System?
Lots of hardware !!
• One or more processors
• Main memory
• Disks
• Printers
• Various input/output devices
Managing all these components requires a layer of
software – the operating system
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Where is the software?
Where the operating system fits in.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The Operating System as an Extended
Machine
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The Operating System as a Resource
Manager
• Allow multiple programs to run at the same time
• Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and
other resources
• Multiplexes (shares) resources in two different
ways:
• In time
• In space
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
History of Operating Systems
Generations:
• (1945–55) Vacuum Tubes
• (1955–65) Transistors and Batch Systems
• (1965–1980) ICs and Multiprogramming
• (1980–Present) Personal Computers, Tablets,
Phones
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Transistors and Batch Systems (1)
Figure 1-3. An early batch system.
(a) Programmers bring cards to 1401.
(b)1401 reads batch of jobs onto tape.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
More third generation
• Time Sharing (CTSS)
• Multics
• Unix
• Linux
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Fourth generation
• PCs
• Network Operating Systems
• Distributed Operating
Systems
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The Operating System Zoo
• PC operating systems-Linux, Mac, Windows
• Smart phone operating systems- Android,
iPhone, Blackberry
• No hard disk
• Palm, Symbian popular OS’s
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The Operating System Zoo
• Embedded operating systems-TV sets, cars,
DVDs, MP3s
• Everything is in ROM (no apps can run on
it)
• QNx, Vxworks
• Real time operating systems
• Hard (eg. factory) deadline
• Soft (eg. multi-media) deadline
Smart card OS (eg border crossing cards)
• Java in ROM
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Abstract Machines
Abstract
Machines
Idea
Program
Program Result
Result
Physical
Machine
Idea
Program
Program Result
Result
…
…
…
Idea
Program
Program Result
Result
Operating Systems: A
Modern Perspective,
The OS as a Conductor
The OS coordinates the sharing and use
of all the components in the computer
Operating Systems: A
Modern Perspective,
Multiprogramming
Abstract Abstract Abstract
Machine Pi Machine Pj Machine Pk
OS Resource Sharing
PPi Memory
i Memory
PPk Memory
k Memory
…
Time-multiplexed PPj Memory
j Memory
Physical Processor
Space-multiplexed
Operating Systems: A
Modern Perspective,
Physical Memory
Algorithms, Programs, and
Idea
Processes
Execution Engine
Files
Algorithm
Algorithm Files
Status Stack Files
Source
Source Binary Data
Program Program Other
Program
Resources
Process
Operating Systems: A
Modern Perspective,
Algorithms, Programs, and
Idea
Processes
Execution Engine
Files
Algorithm
Algorithm Files
Status Stack Files
Source
Source Binary Data
Program Program Other
Program
Resources
Process
Operating Systems: A
Modern Perspective,
Processes
• Program in execution
• Lives in address space
• Process table
• Keeps info about process
• Used to re-start process
• Shell (command interpreter) reads commands
from terminal
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
