Japanese Occupation

SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

(1943-1945)
• JAPANESE FLAG
• The Pacific became an arena of a global
war.
• December 8, 1941: Japanese attacked
Pearl Harbor, mightiest US naval base in
Hawaii.
• Japanese air squadrons swept Philippine
skies.
• December 23, 1941: General MacArthur put
into effect the secret military plan, WPO-3 (War
Plan Orange-3) which provided the withdrawal
of all USAFFE forces to Bataan peninsula, last
stand against the enemy.
• December 26, 1941: General MacArthur
proclaimed Manila as an “Open City” in order
to save it and its inhabitants from the ravages of
the war.
• January 2, 1942: Japanese invaders entered
Manila.
• February 20, 1942: Quezon and company left
Corregidor by submarine. Successfully slipped
through the Japanese blockade and reached
Panay, he and his party went to Negros, then to
Mindanao and reached Australia by plane.
After a brief rest, he reached San Francisco on
May 8, 1942 to Washington.
FALL OF BATAAN AND
CORREGIDOR
• Europe-First Policy: agreed by the United
States and Great Britain but had demoralization
effect on Bataan defenders, for without arms,
ammunition and food, USAFFE was about to
disintegrate under the pressure of continued
enemy attacks.
• March 11, 1942: MacArthur, his family, military
staff and two naval officers left Corregidor and
escaped to Australia. On March 17, 1942,
immediately after landing at Bachelor Field, he
told the world “I came through and I shall
return.”
• April 10, 1942 (“Infamous Death March”):
Surrendered Filipino-American troops were
forced to march for five days from Mariveles,
Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga, and
transported by railway to concentration camp
in Capas, Tarlac (56,000 survivors, 27,000
died in camp)
• May 6, 1942: the full complete fall of the
Philippines to Japanese command as
Corregidor fell. Nearly 12,000 Fil-American
soldiers were taken captive.
• On January 3, 1942, Gen. Homma created the
Military Administration for the purpose of
supervising the political, economic and
cultural affairs of the conquered land, headed
by a Director General.

JAPANESE MILITARY
ADMINISTRATION
 PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE
COMMISSION (PEC)
KOMISYONG TAGAPAGPAGANAP
NG PILIPINAS
• General Masaharu Homma dissolved the
Commonwealth of the Philippines and established
the Philippine Executive Commission, a caretaker
government, with Vargas as its first chairman in
January 1942 with other 6 Filipino department
secretaries, namely:
• Benigno S. Aquino (Commissioner of the Interior)
• Antonio de las Alas (Finance)
• Jose P. Laurel (Justice)
• Rafael Alunan (Agriculture & Commerce)
• Claro M. Recto (Education, Health & Public Welfare)
• Quintin Paredes (Public Works & Communication)
SECOND REPUBLIC
FLAG
COAT OF ARMS (EMBLEM)
“Kapayapaan, Kalayaan,
Katarungan”
(Filipino)
“Peace, Freedom, Justice”
(English)

MOTTO
• STATUS
• Puppet State of the Empire of Japan

• CAPITAL
• Manila (1943-1945)
• Baguio City (1945)

• COMMON LANGUAGES
• Tagalog, Spanish, Japanese (English)

• GOVERNMENT
• Puppet Government
• The third
President of the
Philippines and
the first President
of the Second
Philippine
Republic under
Japan occurred on
October 14, 1943.

President
(1943-1945)
• MILITARY GOVERNOR
• Shigenori Kuroda (1943-1944)
• Tomoyuki Yamashita (1944-1945)

• SPEAKER
• Benigno S. Aquino (1943-1944)

• LEGISLATURE
• National Assembly

• HISTORICAL ERA
• World War II (WWII)
 • BEGINNING OF THE
OCCUPATION
• October 14, 1943

• SURRENDER OF JAPAN
• August 17, 1945
 KALIBAPI– KAPISANAN SA
PAGLILINGKOD SA BAGONG PILIPINAS
Association for Service to the New Philippines
• Formed by Proclamation No. 109 of the
Philippine Executive Commission, a piece of
legislation passed on December 8, 1942,
banning all existing political parties and
creating the new governing alliance.
• Its first director-general was Benigno Aquino,
Sr.
• The pro-Japanese Ganap Party, which saw the
Japanese as the savior of the archipelago, was
absorbed into the KALIBAPI.
• Chief organ of Japanese propaganda. It was officially
created by Chairman Vargas on December 4, 1942. Its
aims were to:
1. Unify the Filipinos in order to extend positive
cooperation to the Japanese military Administration in
the reconstruction of the country.
2. To invigorate in the people Oriental values such as
faith, self-reliance, self-sacrifice and hard work.
3. All Filipinos 18 years old above were encouraged
to join the organization while government employees
were required to be part of it.
• Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō promised to return
independence to the Philippines as part of its
propaganda of Pan-Asianism (Asia for the Asians).
• September 20, 1943, the KALIBAPI's representative
groups in the country's provinces and cities elected
from among themselves fifty-four members of the
Philippine National Assembly, the legislature of the
country, with fifty-four governors and city mayors as
ex-officio members.
"Pact of Alliance" was signed between the New
Republic and the Japanese Government that was
ratified two days later by the National Assembly.
Greater East Asia Conference
• ( 大東亜会議 Dai Tōa Kaigi) was an
international summit held in Tokyo from 5 to 6
November 1943.
• Also referred to as the “Tokyo Conference.”
• The Conference addressed few issues of any
substance, but was intended from the start as a
propaganda show piece to rally support for the
next stage of war.
• To emphasize its role as the "liberator" of Asia
from Western colonialism.
• During his term in office, Laurel was faced with
various problems that the country was
experiencing, such as the following:
• Shortages of food, clothing, oil, and other necessities.
• Heavy Japanese military presence throughout the
entire region.
• Japanese control of transportation, media, and
communications.
• Laurel attempted to show that the independence
of the republic was genuine by rectifying these
problems.

Problems of the Republic

• Pres. Laurel organized an agency to distribute
rice, even though most of the rice was
confiscated by Japanese soldiers. The people
were forced to cultivate private plots which
produced root crops like kangkong.
• The Japanese, brought a quick-maturing horai
rice, which was first used in Taiwan. Horai rice
was expected to make the Philippines self-
sufficient in rice by 1943, but rains during 1942
prevented this from happening.

Food Shortage
• Carabaos provided the necessary labor that
allowed Filipino farmers to grow rice and other
staples. Japanese army patrols would slaughter
the carabaos for meat, thereby preventing the
farmers from growing enough rice to feed the
large population.
• Before World War II, an estimated three million
carabaos inhabited the Philippines. By the end
of the war, an estimated nearly 70% of them had
been lost.

Food Shortage
Japanese Invasion Money - Philippines 500 Pesos

Japanese Money
• This set of new money, which was printed even
before the war, became known in the Philippines as
Mickey Mouse money due to its very low value
caused by severe inflation.
• In 1944, a box of matches cost more than 100
Mickey Mouse pesos.
• In 1945, a kilogram of “camote” cost around 1000
Mickey Mouse pesos.
• Inflation plagued the country with the devaluation
of the Japanese money, evidenced by a 60%
inflation experienced in January 1944.

Japanese Money
Japanese soldiers post instructive posters on the Japanese language.

Education
• The Japanese allowed Tagalog to be the national
language of the Philippines.
• Love for labor was encouraged, as seen by the
massive labor recruitment programs by the
KALIBAPI by mid-1943.
• Propagation of both Filipino and Japanese
cultures were conducted. Schools were reopened,
which had an overall number of 300,000 students
at its peak.

Education
• A despicable phenomenon during the Japanese
occupation in the country was the existence of
renegade Filipinos who collaborated with the
Japanese invaders and aided them in oppressing
their own compatriots and fighting for Japanese
against the guerillas and Allied forces.

Collaborators
• Ganaps
• formerly pro-Japanese Sakdalistas headed by Benigno
Ramos, founder of Sakdal Party
• Palaaks
• members of so-called Bamboo Army organized in
1943 by Japanese army
• U.N.
• United Nippon was a military organization drawn
from the Ganap party

Collaborators
• Pampars
• Notorious band of Filipino collaborators named
Pambansang Pag-asa ng mga Anak ni Rizal in Pililla,
Rizal in 1943 under Colonel Cristino Pendon
• MAKAPILI
• meant Makabayan: Katipunan ng mga Pilipino which
was formally organized on 8 December 1944 with
Sakdal leader Benigno Ramos, Pio Duran and Artemio
Ricarte as founding leaders.

Collaborators
• Means of production were under the control of
the Japanese
• Few banks were allowed to operate
• Buying and selling became the source of income
by the Filipinos
• Mickey Mouse Money was circulated that
provoked inflation in such alarming situation
• Food shortage was alarming

WAY OF LIVING DURING

JAPANESE OCCUPATION
• Outbreak of epidemics were prevalent such as dysentery,
malaria and TB causing death of many people
• People live in constant fear and apprehension
• Five mortal enemies of Filipinos: Japanese militaries,
diseases, guerillas, hunger and Japanese-paid Filipinos
• “Kura” most feared word (inward wave of hand meant
“come here!” signified disaster whilst outward wave of
hand meant “dismiss” or “scram”)
• Japanese encouraged the development of Tagalog and gave
it an impetus never before witnessed.

WAY OF LIVING DURING

JAPANESE OCCUPATION
• Education Re-orientation, as embodied in Japanese
education policy, its basic points were:
1. Propagation of Filipino culture
2. Dissemination of the principle of Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere
3. Spiritual rejuvenation of the Filipinos
4. Teaching and propagation of Niponggo
5. Diffusion of vocational and elementary education
6. Promotion of love of labor

WAY OF LIVING DURING

JAPANESE OCCUPATION
• The period of the Japanese occupation was of the
darkest interludes in the history of the Philippines.
Under the guise of emancipating the Philippines from
the bondage to Western imperialism, Japan brought
her within the orbit of its so-called “Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere.”
• On the other hand, the rich Philippine natural
resources were plundered, innumerable atrocities
were inflicted on the Filipinos and their education
and culture were extremely regimented.

CONCLUSION