ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

OF
THE PRINCIPLES
OF
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS.

SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.
Some times the objects are so complicated that, it becomes very
difficult to visualize the object with the help of its front view and top
view
Some objects are hollow. Their internal details are not visible with
the help of simple front view and top view.

In such cases the object is cut by some imaginary cutting plane to

understand internal details of that object

The action of cutting is called

SECTIONING a solid
&
The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE.
First let us know the types of cutting planes.
 PLANES
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

غ
A.I
A.V.P. .P.
t
oV
 to Hp &  to Vp p
t &
oH
p
θº
An A.V.P. appears as a straight line in its top view. The
straight line is its H.T.
So an A.V.P. always cuts T.V. of a solid
Its position is described in the problem

Properties of section lines:

1. They are light.
2. Inclined at 45º with the
reference line.
3. 1 to 2 mm apart.

X Y
As per B.I.S. the cutting
plane is shown as centre
H line inside the object and
Remember:- as solid line out side the
object
1. After launching a section
plane either in FV or TV, the
part towards observer is T
assumed to be removed.
2. As far as possible the smaller
part is assumed to be
observer
removed.
An A.I.P. appears as a straight line in its front view. The
straight line is its V.T.
So an A.I.P. always cuts F.V. of a solid
Its position is described in the problem
observer
As per B.I.S. the cutting
plane is shown as centre
line inside the object and
Properties of section lines:
as solid line out side the
1. They are light. object
2. Inclined at 45º with the V
reference line.
3. 1 to 2 mm apart.

X Y
Remember:-
1. After launching a section
plane either in FV or TV, the
part towards observer is
assumed to be removed.
2. As far as possible the smaller
part is assumed to be
removed.
 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that The plane of cutting is called
object. SECTION PLANE.
wo cutting actions means section planes are recommended .

OBSERVER E
AN
PL
Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. ASSUME
UPPER PART
N
TO N FV
.
C I
SE
( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) REMOVED

NOTE:- This section plane appears (A)

as a straight line in FV.

Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears (B)
as a straight line in TV.
emember:-
After launching a section plane ASSUME
LOWER PART
SE
CT
ON
either in FV or TV, the part towards observer REMOVED IN PLA
TV
.
NE
OBSERVER
is assumed to be removed.
As far as possible the smaller part is
assumed to be removed.
 For TV
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
Fo
IMPORTANT TERMS rT
IN SECTIONING. ru
e Sh
ap
e

SECTION
PLANE

TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION

x y

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.
Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections. Section Plane Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex

la
abo
Pa r
Section Plane Parallel Section Plane Hyperbola
to end generator. Parallel to Axis.

Ellipse Trapezium

Cylinder through Sq. Pyramid through

generators. all slant edges
Problem: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP with
two edges of the base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section.

True shape
of the
section

2 o’ o”
Sectional
side View
4
2” 3”
2’ 3’

Properties of section lines:

1
1. They are light.
2. Inclined at 45º with the 1” 4”
reference line.
1’ 4’
3. 1 to 2 mm apart.

X a’ d’ b’ c’ a” b” d” c”
Y
a b
1

2
Sectional
Top View o
3

4
d c
Q1: A hexagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 65 mm long is resting on its base on the
HP, with two edges of the base parallel to the VP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to
VP and inclined at 45º to the HP, intersecting the axis at a point 25 mm above the base. Draw
the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.

51
41
61
X2
Y1
31 o”
71 o’

11 21

4’ 4”
3’5’ 65 3” 5”
X1
2’6’ 2” 6”
25
1’7’
a’ b’f’ c’e’ d’ b” 1” a” 7” f”
c” d” e”
b c
2
1 3

a 4 d
o
7 5
6 e
f
Y2
Q 2: A Hexagonal prism has a face on the H.P. and the axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a vertical section
plane the H.T. of which makes an angle of 45 with XY and which cuts the axis at a point 20 mm from one of
its ends. Draw its sectional front view and the true shape of the section. Side of base 25 mm long height
65mm.
a’ b’ c’
f’ e’ d’

6’ 7’
a’ f’ a’ f’
65

1’
5’
b’ e’ b’ e’
2’

X b’ c’
c’d’ c’d’ Y
a’ 4’ 3’
f’ e’ d’
b b1 b1
1 2
a c 37
a1 c 1 a1 c 1

Y1
25

4 6
f1 d1 f1 d1
f d 20 31’ 21’
e1 e1
e 11 ’
5
41 ’

71 ’

X1
51’ 61’
Q 3: A pentagonal pyramid , base 30mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on one of its triangular faces on
the HP with the axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane, whose HT bisects the top view of the axis
and makes an angle of 30º with the reference line, cuts the pyramid removing its top part. Draw the top view,
sectional front view and true shape of the section and development of the surface of the remaining portion of
the pyramid. o’
a’

6’
60

b’e’ 1’

5’ 2’
a’ b’e’ c’d’ o’
X Y
b c’d’ b1 4’ 3’

c c1
2
a1 o1
o 1 3
a
30

4 31’
d1 6 21’

d 5 41’
e e1
11’
51’

61’
Q 4: A Cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and cutting the axis at a point 35 mm from the
apex. Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.

X1

i1

1
h
1
g
j1

f1
o’ o”
1
k

1
e
l1

1
d

35
g”
g’ f” h”
1
c

f’
e’ h’ i”
1
a

e”
1
b

i’
d’
j’ d” j”
c’ c” k”
k’

b’ b” l”
a’ l’
a”

X 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’
7’ 6” 7” 8” 9”10”
Y
1’ 12’ 11’ 10’ 9’ 8’ 4” 5”
3” 2” 1” 12” 11”
4
3 5
2 c
d
6
b e
f
a o g
1 7
h

l i
12 k j 8

11 9
10 Y1
Q5: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all the
edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the VP,
inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side view
and true shape of the section.

True shape
of the Sectional
section side View
X1
21 31
o’ o”
41
3”
3’
4” 2”
11
2’ 4’

1’
b’ d’ 1”
X c’
Y
a’ 45º d” a” c” b”
d

a 1 o c
3

b
Y1