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Alcohols: Nomenclature and Applications

Alcohols contain an -OH group and are named using IUPAC rules with the suffix -ol. Common alcohols include ethanol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol. Ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages and as a disinfectant. Methanol is toxic and used as a solvent. Isopropyl alcohol is used in cosmetics and as a rubbing alcohol. Alcohols can be prepared through halide displacement, reduction of carbonyl compounds, hydration of alkenes, and fermentation of sugars. They undergo reactions like salt formation, dehydration, and replacement of the hydroxyl group.

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304 views11 pages

Alcohols: Nomenclature and Applications

Alcohols contain an -OH group and are named using IUPAC rules with the suffix -ol. Common alcohols include ethanol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol. Ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages and as a disinfectant. Methanol is toxic and used as a solvent. Isopropyl alcohol is used in cosmetics and as a rubbing alcohol. Alcohols can be prepared through halide displacement, reduction of carbonyl compounds, hydration of alkenes, and fermentation of sugars. They undergo reactions like salt formation, dehydration, and replacement of the hydroxyl group.

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Alcohols - ROH

Nomenclature B. IUPAC
A. Common Name - Same rules as alkanes but
- alkyl group + alcohol
suffix ending of –ol
- Uses prefixes ( normal,
iso-, sec-, tert-,neo)
ex. CH3OH - methyl Ex. CH3OH - methanol
alcohol CH3CH2CH2OH –
CH3CH2OH – ethyl 1 -propanol
alcohol CH3CHOHCH3 -
CH3CHOHCH3 -
2 -propanol
isopropylalcohol
APPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOLS
• Ethanol – known as grain alcohol since this is
largely produced from grain such as corn, wheat
,rye, potatoes and molasses as natural source
a. Alcoholic beverage such as wine (10-
13% v/v), beer (3-4%)
Congeners – term given to compds such as
Aldehydes , ketones , esters w/c give distinctive
taste to the alcoholic drinks
ethanol
• B. rubbing alcohol – contain 70% ethanol as a

disinfectant
• Denatured alcohol – contain small amount of
impurity such as methanol or benzene
- unfit for drinking
absolute alcohol – contains 95% ethanol,
5% water
methanol
• called as wood alcohol. This is very toxic
which may cause blindness
-used as solvents in paints, shellacs and
varnish
- used as starting material to make
formaldehyde
Isopropyl alcohol
• called as rubbing alcohol because of its
cooling effect on the skin upon evaporation
- used solvents for cosmetics perfumes and
skin creams
- used as astringents by hardening the skin
and decrease the size of pores
alcohols
• Menthol- a terpene alcohol with a pleasant
minty odor found in shaving creams, cough
syrup, toothpaste
• Ethylene glycol – a viscous , toxic liquid used
as an antifreeze for automobile radiators
• Glycerol (glycerin ) – a sweetening agent,
solvent for medicines, lubricant in
suppositories, cosmetics
• 7. Nitroglycerine –
a. Dynamite
b. medicinal
8. Sugar alcohol – used as sweeteners
ex. Sorbitol, malitol, xylitol
Preparation of alcohol
A. Primary alcohol
1. Displacement of Halide ion.
RCH2X + OH - --------RCH2OH + X-
2. Reduction of carbonyl compounds
a. Aldehydes
RCHO + LiAlH4 -- -ether---- RCH2OH
b. Carboxylic Acids
RCOOH + LiAlH4 ----ether----RCH2OH
c. Esters
R’COOR + LiAlH4 ----ether ----RCH2OH
3. Hydration of Olefins
CH2=CH2 + H2O-- H2SO4 ---= CH3CH2OH
4. Deborane Method
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + B2H6 =2( CH3CH2CH2CH2)3B
5. Grinard Reaction
RMgX + HCHO ---- RCH2OMgX
RCH2OMgX + HOH ---- RCH2OH + Mg(OH)X
6. Fermentation of sugar
Chemical Properties
• Salt formation
reaction w/ active metals like K, Na, Mg ..etc
RCH2OH + Na ----- RCH2ONa + ½ H2
• Dehydration
CH3CH2OH + CaC2 ---60 oC--- CH3CH2OH +
C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
• Test for presence of water in alcohol
Replacement of hydroxyl group with halides

a) w/PX3
3ROH + PX3 = 3 RX + P(OH)3
b) w/SOCl2 (thionyl chloride)
2ROH + SOCl2 = 2RCl + SO2 + HOH
c) Lucas test – use to distinguish primary,
secondary , and tertiary alcohols
tert>sec> prim
ROH + HCl ----ZnCl2 ===RCl + HOH

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