Programming Fundamentals

INSTRUCTED BY: Shahid

Javaid

Lecture 15
Control Structures

2
Control Structures

 Programs are written using three basic structures:

–> Sequence
• a sequence is a series of statements that execute one after another
–> Selection (branching/conditional)
• selection (branch) is used to execute different statements depending on certain
conditions
–> Repetition (loop or iteration)
• repetition is used to repeat statements

3
while loop

 Various forms of while loops:

1. Counter controlled

2. Sentinel controlled

3. Flag controlled
while loop – Counter-Controlled

 If you know exactly how many times pieces of data need to be

executed, the while loop becomes a counter-controlled loop
 General syntax:
while loop – Counter-Controlled

 Example
#include <iostream>
#include <conio>

int main()
{
int count;
initializing

count = 1;

while (count <= 10)

{
cout << count << endl;
count++;
} updating

getch();
return 0;
}
while loop – Counter-Controlled

Problem: Create a program that displays the word

‘Hello’ on the screen 10 times.
 Solution:
Pseudocode
Begin
Initialize lcv to 0
While lcv is less than
10
Display “Hello”
Update lcv
End while
End
while loop – Counter-Controlled

Flowchart
Begin

Initialize
counter = 0

T update
counter < 10 Hello
counter

End
while loop – Counter-Controlled

 Program and output

int main()
{
int count;
count = 0;
while (count < 10)
{
cout << "Hello" << endl;
count++;
}
getch();
return 0;
}
while loop – Counter-Controlled

Exercise: Write a C++ statement associated to the

following flowchart.
Begin

Initialize
counter = 10

T Add 10 to
counter < 100 Display counter
Multiplied by 2 counter
F

End
while loop – Counter-Controlled

 Program and output

int main()
{
int count;

count = 10;

while (count < 100)

{
cout << count * 2 << endl;
count += 10;
}

getch();
return 0;
}
while loop – Sentinel-Controlled

 A sentinel-controlled while loop uses a special value called sentinel

to control the loop.
o Sentinel value is a special value that indicates the end of a set of data or of a
process
 Sentinel variable is tested in the condition and loop ends when sentinel
is encountered
while loop – Sentinel-Controlled

 General syntax :
while loop – Sentinel-Controlled

 Example
#include <iostream>
#include <conio>
int main()
{
char answer;
cout << "Do you want to quit (Y - yes, N - no) : ";
cin >> answer;
while (answer != 'Y') Sentinel value
{
cout << "Welcome to the program." << endl;
cout << "Do you want to quit (Y - Yes, N - No) : ";
cin >> answer;
}
cout << "Bye.";
getch();
return 0;
}
while loop – Sentinel-Controlled

 Output screen
while loop – Sentinel-Controlled

 Exercise: to create a program that process the loop as long as user

enter an even number
while loop – Sentinel-Controlled

 Solution
o Flowchart
Begin

Prompt for
a number

Get
a number

True Get another

number % 2 == 0
number

False

End
while loop – Sentinel-Controlled

 Program
int main()
{
int number;
cout << "Enter a number : ";
cin >> number;
while (number % 2 == 0)
{
cout << "Enter the next number : ";
cin >> number;
}
cout <<"You have entered an odd number to
terminate”
<<“the program.";
getch();
return 0;
}
while loop – Sentinel-Controlled

 Output
while loop – Flag-controlled

 A flag-controlled while loop uses a bool variable to control the

loop
 The flag-controlled while loop takes the form:
while loop – Flag-controlled
void main()
 Example {
bool found = false;
char continue;

while (!found)
{
cout << " Program continued..still want to
continue"
<< " the loop? Press Y for yes, N for No"<<
endl;
cin>>continue;

if(continue == ‘Y’)
found = false;
else
found = true;
}
cout << "Program terminated";

getch();
}
More Examples which output is true?

void main()
{
int x;
while (cin >> x, x!=-999)
cout << x << ’ ’;
}

inputs
2 3 -6 -999 2 3 -6 -999
2 3 -6 OR -999
output

22
int main() {
To find sum of positive integers
int sum = 0;
int value;
bool nonNegative = true; // Initilizing flag variable
while (nonNegative) { // Test if nonNegative is true
cout << "Enter a positive number: ";
cin >> value;
if (value < 0)
nonNegative = false;
else
sum += value;
}
cout << "You entered a negative number, you can not proceed.... \n";
cout << "Sum of input numbers is " << sum << endl;
return 0; } 23
The for Loop
INSTRUCTED BY: Shahid
Javaid
for loop

 Also called as a counted or indexed for loop

 The general form of the for statement is:
for ([initial statement]; loop condition; [update statement])
statement;

for([initial statement]; loop condition; [update statement])

{ statement1;
statement2;
…
}

 The initial statement, loop condition, and update statement are called for
loop control statements
Items in square brackets ([ ]) are optional.
In C++, for is a reserved word
for loop

Flowchart
initialization

condition
evaluated false

true

statement

increment
for loop
for ([initial statement]; loop condition; [update statement])
statement;

 The for loop executes as follows:

1. First of all the initial statement executes
2. Then the loop condition is evaluated. If the loop condition evaluates to
true
i. Execute the statements in the body of the for loop
ii. Execute the update statement (the third expression in the
parentheses)
3. Repeat Step 2 until the loop condition evaluates to false
o The initial statement usually initializes a variable
for loop – Example

 Using for loop to display ‘Welcome to C++’ three times

 Pseudocode:

Start
For( set i to 1; i less than or equal to 3; add 1 to i)
display “welcome to C++”
Endfor
End
for loop – Example

 Flowchart Start

i=1

False
i <= 3 End

True

Display “welcome
to C++”

i ++
 for loop – Example 1

 Example: Displaying the numbers 1 through 3

initialization condition update

for (int number = 1; number <= 3; number = number + 1)

{ cout << number << endl; }

Result:
1
2
3
 for loop – Example
Iteration - 1
for (int x =1; x<=3; x++)
Source Code

Iterations
Iteration - 2
{ Iteration - 3
cout<<x; Iteration - 4
}
initialization

condition
x x<=3

Execution Flow
evaluated
false
1 1<=3
Working

true
2
3
2<=3
3<=3
1
12
123 statement

increment
4 4<=3
for loop – Example 2

 Example: Write a program to create a program to display backward

the first 10 non negative number.
for loop – Exercises

 Exercise 1: create a program that display the first 10 positive odd

integers.

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19

for loop – Exercises

 Exercise 1 – Answer 1
int num;
for (num = 1; num <= 20; num = num + 2)
{
cout << num << “, ” << endl;
}
 Exercise 1 – Answer 2
int num;
for (num = 1; num <= 20; num++)
{
if (num % 2 != 0)
{
cout << num << “, ” << endl;
}
}
for loop – Exercises

 Exercise 2: how many time the following loop processed?

for (int count = 6; count < 6; count = count + 1)
cout << count << endl;

 Answer:
for loop – Exercises

 Exercise 3: how many time the following loop processed?

for (int count = 4; count <= 10; count = count + 2)
cout << count << endl;

 Answer:
for loop – Example 3

 Calculate and display total of 3 numbers

 Pseudocode:

Start
Initialize total = 0
for (set counter to 1; counter less than or
equal to 3; add 1 to counter)
input number
total = total + number
Endfor
Display total
End
for loop – Example 3

 Flowchart Start

counter=1, total = 0,

for False
counter Output
<= 3 total
True
Input End
number

total = total + number

counter = counter + 1
for loop – Example 3

 C++ program segment

total = 0;

for (int count = 1; count <= 3; count = count + 1)

{
cin>>number;
total = total + number;
}
cout << “total:” <<total<<endl;
for loop – Exercises

 Exercise 4: Suppose j, sum, and num are int variables, and the input values are
26, 34, 61, 4, and -1. What is the output of the code below?

cout << "Enter a number : ";

cin >> num;

for (j = 1; j <= 4; j++)

{
sum = sum + num;
cout << "Enter a number : ";
cin >> num;
}
cout << sum << endl;
for loop – Exercises

 Exercise 4: Answer
for loop
 A semicolon at the end of the for statement (just before the
body of the loop) is a semantic error. In this case, the action of
the for loop is empty.
for (initialization; condition; update statement) ;
Statement;

 In the for statement, if the loop condition is omitted, it is

assumed to be true.
for loop

 In a for statement, you can omit all three statements—initial

statement, loop condition, and update statement.
o The following is a legal for loop:

for (;;)
cout << "Hello" << endl;

BUT
 This is an infinite loop, continuously printing the word Hello
Example

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<7; i++)
cout << i << ” ”;
}

1 2 3 4 5 6

44
Example

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<7; ++i)
cout << i << ” ”;
}

1 2 3 4 5 6

45
Example

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; i++<7; )
cout << i << ” ”;
}

2 3 4 5 6 7

46
Example

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1; ++i<7; )
cout << i << ” ”;
}

2 3 4 5 6

47
Example

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=9; i>5; --i)
cout << i << ” ”;
}

9 8 7 6

48
while equivalent of for

Example
for (i=0; i<5; i++)
for(e1; e2; e3)
cout << i;
s;
same as
same as

e1; i=0;
while(e2) { while (i<5) {
s; cout << i;
i++;
e3;
}
}
49