TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEINGS

Composition Of Blood

Plasma Blood Corpuscles

RBC WBC Platelets

Functions Of Components of Blood
1) Blood Corpuscles-
 RBC- Red Blood Corpuscles contain haemoglobin(an iron- containing
protein) which transports oxygen from lungs to body organs, and
carbon dioxide from body organs to lungs for breathing out.
 WBC- White Blood Corpuscles kill the disease- causing germs and
protect our body from infections and diseases.
 Platelets- Platelets are involved in blood clotting during an injury.
2) Plasma- It is the liquid part of the blood. It is a colourless liquid
which contains mainly 90% water and many substances dissolved
such as proteins, digested food, common salt, respiratory
gases( oxygen and carbon dioxide), hormones and nitrogenous
wastes like urea. Plasma carries all these dissolved substances from
one part to another part of our body.
 Functions Of blood
• Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body.
• Blood carries Carbon- dioxide from the body cells to the lungs for
breathing out.
• Blood carries digested food from the small intestine to all the parts
of the body.
• Blood carries hormones from the endocrine glands to different
organs of the body.
• Blood carries waste product such as Urea from the liver to the
kidneys for excretion in urine.
• Blood regulates our body temperature.
• Blood protects our body from diseases, since WBCs in the blood
kill the disease causing germs.
Human Blood Circulatory System
Human blood circulatory system

Heart Blood Blood Vessels

Arteries Veins Capillaries

 Blood Vessels
ARTERIES VEINS
1) Arteries have thick, elastic 1) Veins have thin, non-elastic
walls. walls.
2) Arteries carry oxygenated 2) Veins carry deoxygenated
blood from heart to different blood from different body
body organs. organs to heart.

3) Arteries are deep- seated in 3) Veins are superficially

our body. placed in our body!
4) Blood flows at high pressure 4) Blood flows at low pressure
through arteries. through veins.
5) Arteries do not have valves in Veins have valves.
them.
 Capillaries
• The capillaries are thin- walled and extremely
narrow tubes which connect arteries to veins.
• The walls of capillaries are one- cell thick.
• The blood from arteries enters the capillaries in
the body.
• The capillaries then joinw together to form veins
that convey blood aay from the organ or tissue.
• Exchange of materials between the blood and
surrounding cells takes place across the capillaries.
Chambers in Heart Of Vertebrates
1) Fishes- Two- chambered heart( 1
Atrium and 1 Ventricle)
2) Amphibians and Reptiles- Three-
chambered heart( 2 Atria and 1
Ventricle)
3) Birds and Mammals- Four- chambered
heart( 2 Atria and 2 Ventricles)
 Structure of Human Heart
• Heart is a pumping organ that pushes the blood to various organs in our body.
• It is a muscular organ which is as big as our fist.
• It is surrounded by a muscular wall called Pericardium.
• Human heart is four- chambered.
• The upper two chambers are called Atria, and the lower two chambers are called
Ventricles.
• The left and right sides of the heart are separated by a Septum to prevent the inter
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
• The valves present between atria and ventricles are called atrio- venticular
valves(AV Valves).
• The AV valves present between left atrium and left ventricle are called Biscuspid
valves/ Mitral valves.
• The AV valves present between right atrium and right ventricle are called Tricuspid
valves.
• The AV valves ensure the blood to flow in one direction only ( from atria to
ventricles).
Draw figure 6.10, page No. 106 of NCERT
 Double Circulation
Pulmonary Veins Oxygena
Oxygenat ted blood
ed blood Left Atrium
Lungs
Bicuspid
Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Left Ventricle

Right Ventricle
Tricuspid
valve

Right Atrium Aorta

Vena Cava Body Parts Except

Deoygenated Lungs
blood
 Cardiac Cycle
• The oxygenated blood from the lungs is pushed to the left Atrium through
Pulmonary veins. The left Atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood .
• The left Atrium then contracts and the oxygenated blood is pushed to the
left Ventricle through the Bicuspid valve.
• The left Ventricle contracts and the oxygenated blood is pushed to
different body parts(except lungs) through the Aorta(largest artery).
• The deoxygenated blood from the body parts is pumped to the right
Atrium through Superior and Inferior Vena cava(largest vein).
• The right Atrium contracts and the deoxygenated blood is pushed to the
right Ventricle through Tricuspid valves.
• The AV valves ensure the blood to flow in one direction only( from Atria to
Ventricles)
• When the right Ventricle contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pushed to
lungs for reoxygenation through the Pulmonary arteries.
• This whole cycle is repeated continuously.
Draw figure 6.11, Page No. 106 of NCERT(Schematic representation of
transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
• Double circulation- It is a type of circulation in
which the blood passes through the heart
twice through the separate pathways for
completing one cycle.
• Single Circulation In Fishes- It is a type of
circulation in which the blood goes only once
through the heart during one cycle of passage
through the body.
Fishes have two- chambered heart(one atrium
and one ventricle). The blood is pumped to
the gills, is oxygenated there, and passes
directly to the rest of the body.
Separation Of Left And Right Side Of Heart In
Birds And Mammals
• Birds and Mammals have four-chambered heart.
• The separation of left and right side of the heart is
useful to prevent the oxygenated blood from mixing
with the deoxygenated blood.
• Such a separation allows a highly efficient supply of
oxygen to the body cells.
• Birds and mammals are warm- blooded animals. They
have high energy needs because they constantly use
energy to maintain their body temperature.
No Separation In The Left And Right Side
Of The Heart In Amphibians And Reptiles
• Amphibians and Reptiles have three-
chambered heart.
• They are cold- blooded animals. Their body
temperature depends on the temperature in
the environment. They do not need energy to
maintain their body temperature. They
tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
 Give Reasons
• Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than the
atria- since Ventricles have to pump blood into
various body organs.
• Arteries have thick, elastic walls- Since blood
emerges from the heart under high pressure.
• Veins do not need thick walls- Because the
blood is no longer under pressure, instead they
have valves that ensure that the blood flows
only in one direction.
 Blood Pressure
• It is the force that blood exerts against the wall of a blood
vessel.
• This pressure is much in arteries than in veins.
• Blood Pressure= Systolic Pressure/Diastolic pressure
• Systolic Pressure- It is the pressure of blood inside the artery
during ventricular systole(contraction). The normal Systolic
Pressure is about 120 mm of Hg.
• Diastolic Pressure- It is the pressure of blood inside the artery
during ventricular diastole(relaxation). The normal Diastolic
Pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
• Blood Pressure is measured with an instrument called
“Sphygmomanometer.
• High Blood Pressure/Hypertension- it is caused by the
constriction of arterioles, which results in increased resistance
to blood flow. It can lead to the rupture of an artery and
internal bleeding.
 Lymph/Tissue fluid( Involved In
Transportation)
• Lymph is a colourless liquid.
• It contains Plasma and Lymphocytes(special types of WBCs). It
contains less proteins.
• It flows through lymph vessels. It flows only in one direction- from
body tissues to the heart.
• Some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape into
intercellular spaces in the tissues through the pores present in the
walls of capillaries and form the lymph.
• Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular
spaces, which join to form large lymph vessels that finally open into
large veins.
• Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains
excess fluid from extra- cellular space back into the blood.
 Need For A Proper System Of Transportation
In Plants
• The raw materials needed for building plant bodies are carbon dioxide, water and
minerals.
• Plants take in carbon dioxide and photosynthesise energy stored in their
chlorophyll- containing organs, namely leaves.
• Plants get carbon dioxide from atmosphere, and water and minerals(Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium etc.) from soil. The absorption of water and mineral
substances occurs through the part in contact with the soil, namely roots.
• If the distances between soil- contacting organs and chlorophyll- containing organs
are small, energy and raw materials can easily diffuse to all parts of the plant body.
• But if the distances between soil- contacting organs and chlorophyll- containing
organs are large because of changes in plant body design, diffusion processes will
not be sufficient to provide raw material in leaves and energy in roots.
Therefore, a proper system of transportation is essential in such situations.
Plants need slow transport systems
• Energy needs differ between different body
designs.
• Plants do not move, and plant bodies have a
large proportion of dead cells in many tissues.
• As a result, plants have low energy needs, and
can use relatively slow transport systems.
 Transport Systems In Plants(Conducting
Tissues)
• XYLEM- It transports water and minerals from
roots to upper parts of the plant.
Unidirectional flow through Xylem
• PHLOEM- It transports products of
photosynthesis (food) from the leaves to other
parts of the plant.
Bidirectional flow through Phloem
Transport Of Water And Minerals In Plants
• In plants , water and minerals are transported from roots to other
parts of the plant through Xylem.
• In Xylem tissue, Vessels and Tracheids of the roots, stems and
leaves are inter-connected to form a continuous system of water-
conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant.
• At the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions. This
creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between
the root and the soil.
• Water, therefore, moves into the root from the soil to eliminate
this difference.
• This means that there is steady movement of water into root
xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards.
What Causes The Upward Movement Of
Water To the Tips Of Tall Plants

Evaporation of water molecules

from the cells of a leaf(Transpiration)
creates a suction which pulls water
up from the xylem cells of roots.
( Transpirational Pull)
 Transpiration And Its Significance
• Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of
water vapours from the aerial parts of the
plant.
• Significance-
(i) Transpiration helps in the absorption and
upward movement of water and minerals
dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
(ii) It helps in temperature regulation.
 The Effect Of Root Pressure At Night And
During The Daytime
• The effect of root pressure in transport of
water is more important at night.
• During the day when the stomata are open,
the transpiration pull becomes the major
driving force in the movement of water in the
xylem.
 Transport Of food And Other Substances In
Plants
• Translocation- It is the the transport of soluble products of
photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant through the
sieve tubes of phloem with the help of adjacent companion cells both
in upward and downward directions in plants .
• Translocation in phloem is achieved by utilising energy.
• Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue using energy
from ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing
water to move into it.
• This pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have
less pressure. This allows the phloem to move material according to
the plant’s needs. For example, in the spring, sugar stored in root or
stem tissue would be transported to the buds which need energy to
grow.
 Excretion
• Excretion is a biological process involved in the
removal of harmful(toxic) metabolic wastes
from the body.
• Many unicellular organisms(Amoeba) remove
these wastes by simple diffusion from the
body surface into the surrounding water.
• Multicellular organisms have specialised
organs to perform the function of Excretion.
 Excretion In Human Beings
The Excretory system of human beings consists
of the following organs-
(i) A pair of kidneys
(ii) A pair of Ureters
(iii) A Urinary Bladder
(iv) A Urethra
Draw figure 6.13, Page No. 110 Of NCERT
 Kidneys
Renal artery- It brings in the dirty blood (containing waste substances) into the
kidneys.
Kidneys-
• Bean- shaped organs , located in the abdomen, one on either side of the
backbone.
• Kidneys clean our blood by removing the nitrogenous waste such as urea, excess
salts and excess water from the blood and excrete them in the form of a urine.
• Each kidney is made up of large number of filtration units called the
“Nephrons”.
Renal vein- The cleaned blood is carried away from the kidneys by the Renal vein.
Ureters- Ureters carry urine from kidneys to the Urinary bladder .
Urinary Bladder- It stores urine temporarily until the pressure of the expanded
Bladder leads to the urge to pass it out through the Urethra.
The Bladder is muscular, so it is under nervous control. As a result, we can
usually control the urge to urinate.
Urethra- The urine collected in the bladder is passed out from the body through
the Urethra.
 Nephrons
• Nephrons are the basic filtration units in kidneys.
• It consists of a cluster of blood capillaries called “Glomerulus”.
• Glomerulus is embedded in a cup- shaped structure called “Bowmans Capsule”.
• One end of the Glomerulus is attached to the renal artery, which brings dirty blood
containing the nitrogenous waste(urea) into it.
• The other end of the Glomerulus comes out of Bowmans Capsule as a blood capillary,
surrounds the tubule of nephron and finally joins a renal vein, which carries cleaned
blood away from kidneys.
• The function of Glomerulus is to filter the blood passing through it. Only the small
molecules in the blood like glucose, amino acids, salts, urea and water pass through the
Glomerulus and collect as filtrate in the Bowmans capsule and then enter the tubule of
nephron.
• The function of tubule of nephron is to allow the selective re-absorption of the useful
substances present in the initial filtrate like glucose, amino acids, salts and a major
amount of water into the blood capillaries(which surround it).
• Only the waste substances like urea, some unwanted salts and excess water remain
behind in the tubule. The liquid left behind in the tubule of nephron is Urine, which is
carried into the collecting duct of the kidney, from where it is carried to the ureters .
From the ureters, urine is conducted to urinary bladder . Urine is stored in the bladder
for sometime and ultimately passed out of the body through the urethra.
Draw figure 6.14 of Page No. 111 of NCERT
 Renal Failure
• Kidneys are vital organs of the body.
• Several factors like infections, injury or restricted
blood flow to kidneysreduce the activity of
kidneys. This leads to accumulation of poisonous
wastes in the body, which can even lead to death.
• Treatment In case of kidney failure
(i) Kidney transplant
(ii) An artificial kidney(Dialysis)
 Artificial Kidney(Haemodialysis)
• An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste
products(urea) from the blood through dialysis.
Method-
• The blood from an artery in the patient’s arm is made to flow into the
dialyser of a dialysis machine/Artificial kidney.
• Artificial kidneys contain a number of tubes with a semi- permeable
lining(like cellulose), suspended in a tank filled with dialysing solution.
• The dialysing solution has the same osmotic pressure as blood, except that
it is devoid of nitrogenous wastes.
• The patient’s blood is passed through these tubes During this passage, the
waste products from the blood pass into dialysing fluid by diffusion.
• The purified blood is pumped back into the vein of the patient.
Draw figure of Artificial Kidney, Page No. 111 of NCERT
• Note- Normally in a healthy adult, the initial filtrate in the kidneys is about
180l daily. However, the volume actually excreted is only a litre or two a
day, because the remaining filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.
 Excretion In Plants
• The gaseous wastes of respiration(carbon dioxide and water
vapours) and photosynthesis(oxygen) in plants are removed
through the stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems.
• Plants can get rid of excess water by transpiration.
• The plants get rid of stored solid and liquid wastes by the
shedding of leaves, peeling of bark and felling of fruits.
• Plants get rid of wastes by secreting them in the form of
gums and resins, which are stored esp. In old xylem.
• Plants also excrete some aste substancesinto the soil around
them.