Woldia University

Faculity of Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
BSc in Computer and Communication
Engineering

Advanced Computer Networks

Wubie E.
1
 Computer Networking Overview
Outline
 Computer Networking Overview

 classic internet architecture

 circuit switching and packet switching

 protocol suites

 trends in computing technology

2
 Computer Networking Overview
 Data communications and networking are changing
the way we do business and the way we live.
 Some example of Data communication: Video Conference,
e-commerce, email etc.
 The development of the personal computer brought about
tremendous changes for business, industry, science, and
education.
 A similar revolution is occurring in data communications and
networking.
 Technological advances are making it possible for
communications links to carry more and faster signals.
 As a result, services are evolving to allow use of this
expanded capacity.
 Cont…

 When we communicate, we are sharing information. This

sharing can be local or remote.
 Between individuals, local communication usually occurs
face to face, while remote communication takes place over
distance.

 The term telecommunication, which includes

telephony, telegraphy, and television, means
communication at a distance (tele is Greek for "far").

 Data communications are the exchange of data between two

devices via some form of transmission medium such as a
wire cable or other wireless medium.
 Cont…

For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of a

communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment)

and software (programs).

The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental

characteristics:

 Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination.

 Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately.

 Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late

are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as

they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without

significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.

 Jitter: refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.

 What is Computer Networking?
 Computer network A collection of computing devices
that are connected in various ways in order to
communicate and share resources
 Usually, the connections between computers in a network
are made using physical wires or cables
 However, some connections are wireless, using radio
waves or infrared signals
 Computer networks have opened up an entire frontier in
the world of computing called the client/server mode
6
 cont..
• File server A computer that stores and manages
files for multiple users on a network
• Web server A computer dedicated to responding
to requests (from the browser client) for web
pages
• Local-area network (LAN) A network that
connects a relatively small number of machines in
a relatively close geographical area
For example: office, campus and village networks
• Various configurations, called topologies, have been used
to administer LANs
– Ring topology A configuration that connects all nodes in a
closed loop on which messages travel in one direction
7
 Cont’…
– Star topology A configuration that centers around one node to which
all others are connected and through which all messages are sent
– Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single communication line
that carries messages in both directions
– A bus technology called Ethernet has become the industry standard
for local-area networks
• Wide-area network (WAN) A network that connects two or
more local-area networks over a potentially large geographic
distance
• Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a
gateway to handle all communication going between that
LAN and other networks
• Communication between networks is called internetworking
• Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The communication
infrastructures that have been developed in and around large
8
cities
 Internet Connections
• Internet backbone A set of high-speed networks that
carry Internet traffic
• These networks are provided by companies such as AT&T,
GTE, and IBM
• Internet service provider (ISP) A company that
provides other companies or individuals with access to the
Internet
• There are various technologies available that you can use
to connect a home computer to the Internet
– A phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio
signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a modem at the
destination converts it back again into data
– A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines
to transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s central
office
9
 Cont’…
• A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV
signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth
• Broadband A connection in which transfer speeds
are faster than 128 bits per second
– DSL connections and cable modems are broadband
connections
– The speed for downloads (getting data from the Internet
to your home computer) may not be the same as
uploads (sending data from your home computer to the
Internet)

10
 Internetwork, Internet and Intranet
Internetwork
A global mesh of interconnected networks
(internetworks) meets these human communication
needs.
 Some of these interconnected networks are owned
by large public and private organizations, such as
government agencies or industrial enterprises, and
are reserved for their exclusive use.
 Internet

 The most well-known and widely used publicly-accessible

internetwork is the Internet.
 The Internet is created by the interconnection of networks
belonging to Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
 These ISP networks connect to each other to provide
access for millions of users all over the world.
 Ensuring effective communication across this diverse
infrastructure requires the application of consistent and
commonly recognized technologies and protocols as well as
the cooperation of many network administration agencies.
 Intranet

 The term intranet is often used to refer to a

private connection of LANs and WANs that
belongs to an organization,
 designed to be accessible only by the
organization's members, employees, or others
with authorization.
 Network Components

A data communications system has five components:

Message: The message is the information (data) to
be communicated. Popular forms of information
include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
Sender: The sender is the device that sends the
data message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives
the message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, television, and so on.
 Cont…
 Transmission medium. The transmission medium is
the physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission
media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-
optic cable, and radio waves.
 Protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern
data communications. It represents an agreement
between the communicating devices
 Data flow

 Communication between two devices can be simplex,

half-duplex, or full-duplex:
 In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on
a one-way street. Only one of the two devices on a
link can transmit; the other can only receive.
 Keyboards and traditional monitors are examples of simplex
devices. The keyboard can only introduce input, the monitor
can only accept output.
 Cont…

 In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit

and receive, but not at the same time. When one device is

sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa. Ex:

Walkie-talkies

 In full-duplex mode (also called duplex), both stations

can transmit and receive simultaneously

 Method of Switching
This is what happens inside the phone company - the various
wires or fibers interconnect the switching centers.
Methods of switching include:
 Circuit Switching: A connection (electrical, optical, radio)
is established from the caller phone to the callee phone. This
happens BEFORE any data is sent.
 Packet Switching: Divides the message up into blocks
(packets). Therefore packets use the transmission lines for
only a short time period - allows for interactive traffic.

 Message Switching: The connection is determined only

when there is actual data (a message) ready to be sent. The
whole message is re-collected at each switch and then
forwarded on to the next switch.This method is called store-
and-forward. 18
Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time 19
 Differences Between Circuit & Packet Switching

Circuit-switching Packet-Switching

Guaranteed capacity No guarantees (best effort)

Capacity is wasted if data is More efficient

burst
Before sending data Send data immediately
establishes a path
All data in a single flow follow Different packets might follow
one path different paths
No reordering; constant Packets may be reordered,
delay; no pkt drops delayed, or dropped
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 Protocol “Layers”
Networks are complex! Question:
• many “pieces”: Is there any way of organizing
structure of network?
– hosts
 Network architectures consist
– routers
of layers.
– links of various  A protocol is defined
media between two entities of the
– applications same layer.
 The ISO Reference Model has
– protocols seven layers.
– hardware,  The Internet (TCP/IP) has
software five layers.
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 ISO/OSI reference model
• presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., application
encryption, compression, machine- presentation
specific conventions
session
• session: synchronization, check-
pointing, recovery of data exchange transport
• Internet stack “missing” these layers! network
– these services, if needed, link
must be implemented in physical
application

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 Internet Protocol Stack
• Application: supporting network
applications and end-user services
Determining whether sufficient resources
for the intended communication exist Application
– FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS
• Transport: end to end data transfer Transport
– TCP, UDP
Network
• Network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination Data Link
– IPv4, IPv6, routing protocols
• Data Link: hop by hop frames, channel Physical
access, flow/error control
– PPP, Ethernet, IEEE 802.11b
001101011...
• Physical: raw transmission of bits
23
Cont....
 Layers and data units
Hosts, routers, link-layer switches

25
 What’s the Internet?
PC • millions of connected Mobile network
server computing devices: Global ISP
wireless hosts = end systems
laptop
cellular
– running network
handheld Home network
apps
Regional ISP
 communication links
access  fiber, copper,
points
radio, satellite Institutional network
wired
links  transmission rate
= bandwidth
 routers: forward
router
packets (chunks of
data) 26
 What’s the Internet?...

• protocols control sending, Mobile network

receiving of msgs Global ISP
– e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Ethernet

• Internet: “network of Home network

networks” Regional ISP
– loosely hierarchical
– public Internet versus private
intranet Institutional network
• Internet standards
– RFC: Request for comments
– IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
– IEEE
27
 What’s the Internet: a service view
• communication infrastructure
enables distributed
applications:
– Web, VoIP, email,
games, e-commerce,
file sharing

• communication services
provided to apps:
– reliable data delivery from
source to destination
– “best effort” (on unreliable)
data delivery 28
 A closer look at network structure:
• network edge:
applications and
hosts
 access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
 network core:
 interconnected
routers
 network of networks
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 Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
• Bit: propagates between • two insulated copper
transmitter/rcvr pairs wires
• physical link: what lies – Category 3: traditional
between transmitter & phone wires, 10 Mbps
receiver Ethernet
– Category 5 TP: 100Mbps
– guided media: Ethernet
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
– unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio, micro wave…

30
 Physical Media: coax, fiber
Fiber optic cable:
Coaxial cable:  glass fiber carrying light
• two concentric copper pulses, each pulse a bit
conductors
 high-speed operation:
• bidirectional  high-speed point-to-point
• baseband: transmission (e.g., 5 Gbps)
– single channel on cable  low error rate: repeaters
– legacy Ethernet spaced far apart ; resistant
• broadband: to electromagnetic noise
– multiple channel on cable
– HFC

31
 Physical media: radio
• signal carried in Radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
• no physical “wire”  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

• bidirectional  LAN (e.g., Wi-Fi, Wi-Max)

 2Mbps, 11Mbps
• propagation environment
 wide-area (e.g., cellular)
effects:  e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps
– reflection
 satellite
– obstruction by objects
 up to 50Mbps channel (or
– interference
multiple smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 Geosynchronous Equatorial
Orbit (GEO) versus Lower-Earth
Orbit LEOS
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 Wireless Networks
• Wireless networks and communication links have
become pervasive for both personal and
organizational communications.

• A wide variety of technologies and network types

have been adopted, including:
– Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
– WiMAX, ZigBee, and
– cellular technologies.

33
Components of a wireless networks

network
infrastructure

•34
Components of a wireless network

wireless hosts
 laptop, smartphone
 run applications
 may be stationary (non-mobile)
or mobile
 wireless does not always
network mean mobility
infrastructure

•35
Components of a wireless network
base station
 typically connected to wired
network
 relay - responsible for sending
packets between wired network
and wireless host(s) in its “area”
 e.g., cell towers, 802.11
network
access points
infrastructure

•36
Components of a wireless network
wireless link
 typically used to connect
mobile(s) to base station
 also used as backbone link
 multiple access control (MAC)
protocol coordinates link
access (DCF, PCF)
network  various data rates, transmission
infrastructure distance

•37
 The Trends in Computing Technology
● Mainframe computing (60’s-70’s)
– massive computers to execute big
data processing applications
– very few computers in the world

● Desktop computing (80’s-90’s)

– one computer at every desk to help in
business related activities
– computers connected in intranets to
a
massive global network (internet), all
wired

● Ubiquitous computing (00’s?)

– tens/hundreds of computing devices
in every room/person,
- becoming “invisible” and part of the
environment 38
 Computing: Trend
Size

Number
One Computer for Many One Computer for Many Computers for
People One Person One Person
(Mainframe Computing) (PC Computing) (Ubiquitous/Pervasive
Computing)
 Computing: Evolution
Centralized Mobile Ubiquitious
Computing  Distributed
Computing
 Computing  Computing

Remote Communication Mobile Networks Context Awareness

Fault Tolerance & availability Mobile Information Access Ad-hoc Networks
Remote Information Access Adaptive Applications Smart Sensors & Devices

Research Problems   

Today, Internet of Things

Tomorrow’s ubiquitous world of
tags, sensors and smart systems

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 Computing: Evolution
New Forms of Computing

• Wireless Computing
• Distributed • Mobile Computing
Computing
(Client/Server)
• Ubiquitous Computing
• Pervasive Computing
• Invisible Computing

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 10 Q
O ne
p te r
f Ch a
n d o
E
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