BNJ 20903: SOLID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 1:
STRESS AND STRAIN
LECTURER: DR. NORAINI BINTI MARSI
CONTENTS
1. Axial load,
2. Normal stress,
3. Shear stress,
4. Bearing stress,
5. Allowable stress,
6. Deformation of structural under axial load,
7. Statically indeterminate problems,
8. Thermal stress.
1.1 Introduction of Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity on that section is defined as the
normal stress.
F P
lim ave
A0 A A
The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A
Introduction of Normal Stress
Normal stress may be tensile, σt or compressive, σc and result from forces
acting perpendicular to the plane of the cross-section
Tension
Compression
Units: Usually N/m2 (Pa), N/mm2, MN/m2, GN/m2 or N/cm2
• Note: 1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 1 MPa
Example 1
Examples
Example 2
Examples
1.2 Shear Stress
• Shear stresses are produced by equal and opposite parallel forces not in line.
• The corresponding forces tend to make one part of the material slide over the
other part. These forces are called shearing forces.
• Shear stress is tangential to the area over which it acts.
V Forces V and V’ are applied transversely to the member
AB.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
V V = resultant forces
ave
A A = area of the section
V’
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
V
uniform.
V’
Shear Stress
Single Shear Double Shear
V
V
V
V F V F F
ave V F ave V
A A A 2A 2
1.3 Bearing stress
Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses
on the points of contact or bearing
surfaces of the members they connect.
The resultant of the force distribution
on the surface is equal and opposite to
the force exerted on the pin.
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing stress,
P P
b
A td
Bearing stress
Example 5
Example 5
1.4 Stress on oblique plane – axial loading
Axial forces on a two force member
result in only normal stresses on a plane
cut perpendicular to the member axis.
Transverse forces on bolts and pins result
in only shear stresses on the plane
perpendicular to bolt or pin axis.
Will show that either axial or transverse
forces may produce both normal and
shear stresses with respect to a plane other
than one cut perpendicular to the member
axis.
1.4 Stress on oblique plane – axial loading
Pass a section through the member forming an
angle q with the normal plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the distributed
forces (stresses) on the plane must be equivalent
to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos V P sin
The average normal and shear stresses on the
oblique plane are
F P cos P
cos2
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin P
sin cos
A A0 A0
cos
Stress on oblique plane – axial loading
Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique plane
P P
cos2 sin cos
A0 A0
The maximum normal stress occurs when the reference
plane is perpendicular to the member axis,
P
m 0
A0
The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at + 45o
with respect to the axis,
P P
m sin 45 cos 45
A0 2 A0
Example 9
Example 9
1.5 Factor of Safety
The load which any member of a machine carries is called working load, and
stress produced by this load is the working stress.
Obviously, the working stress must be less than the yield stress, tensile
strength or the ultimate stress.
This working stress is also called the permissible stress or the allowable
stress or the design stress.
The factor of safety (FS) is introduced to ensure safety of structural elements.
yield stress
FS
allowable stress
F fail fail fail
FS
Fallow allow allow
Example 10
Example 10
Example 11
Example 11
Examples
Examples
1.6 Normal Strain under Axial Loading
• When loads are applied to a body, some deformation will occur resulting to a
change in dimension.
• Consider a bar, subjected to axial tensile loading force, F. If the bar extension is
dl and its original length (before loading) is L, then tensile strain is:
F F
L dl
Normal Strain
• Normal Strain (ε) = Change in Length
Original Length
• As strain is a ratio of lengths, it is dimensionless.
• Similarly, for compression by amount, dl:
Compressive strain = - dl/L
• Note: Strain is positive for an increase in dimension
and negative for a reduction in dimension.
P
stress
A
normal strain
L
1.7 Stress-strain diagram
Modulus Young – elastic zone
A-B = elastic Point E = ultimate stress
Point B = linear limit Point F = fracture
Point C = upper yield point E
1.8 Deformations under Axial Loading
From Hooke’s Law:
P
E
E AE
From the definition of strain:
L
Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
AE
With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
i i
i Ai Ei
Example 12
Example 12
Example 13
Example 13
1.9 Statistically indeterminate problems
Structures for which internal forces and reactions cannot
be determined from statics alone are said to be statically
indeterminate.
A structure will be statically indeterminate whenever it
is held by more supports than are required to maintain
its equilibrium.
Redundant reactions are replaced with unknown loads
which along with the other loads must produce
compatible deformations.
Deformations due to actual loads and redundant
reactions are determined separately and then added or
superposed.
L R 0
QUIZ
Example 14
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and
loading shown, assuming a close fit at both supports before
the loads are applied.
SOLUTION:
Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release the
bar from that support, and solve for the displacement
at B due to the applied loads.
Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant
reaction at B.
Require that the displacements due to the loads and
due to the redundant reaction be compatible, i.e.,
require that their sum be zero.
Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads and
the reaction found at B.
Solution
Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied loads with
the redundant constraint released,
P1 0 P2 P3 600 103 N P4 900 103 N
A1 A2 400 10 6 m 2 A3 A4 250 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 L3 L4 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125109
L
A
i i iE E
Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant constraint,
P1 P2 RB
A1 400 10 6 m 2 A2 250 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 0.300 m
δR
Pi Li
1.95 103 RB
A
i i iE E
Example 16
Example
1.10 Thermal stress
A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by the
supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply the
principle of superposition.
PL
T T L P
AE
thermal expansion coef.
The thermal deformation and the deformation from the
redundant support must be compatible.
T P 0 T P 0
P AE T
PL
T L 0 P
E T
AE A
Example 17
Example 17
Example 18
Example 18
Examples
TUTORIAL CHAP 1
