EE-307 Instrumentation and

Measurement
Course Instructor: Fawad Ahmed / Adeel Ahmad
• Loading Effect of Voltmeter
• Design DC Ammeter
• Loading Effect of Ammeter

1
Loading Effect
A measuring instrument is supposed to measure the quantity without drawing any
power from the circuit or system (to which it measures).

Instrument does draw some power, without it, it cannot measure the quantity.

Example: To tell a dish taste, is it sweat or salty, you need to consume some of it
Example: Tire pressure gauge takes (consume) some amount of air for measuring
pressure.   R=   R=
1 2

2
Voltmeter Loading Effect
A
Example Voltmeter
  Rin=   Rin=
  RV=
  V=   V=   V=

Ideal Voltage Source Actual Voltage Source B

Loading Effect (Loading Effect Error):

3
Voltmeter Loading Effect
Example Voltmeter
A
 
Loading Effect (Loading Effect Error):
  Rin=
  RV=

  V=

B
A  
Loading Effect (Loading Effect Error):
  Rin=
  RV=

  V=

4
B
Voltmeter Loading Effect
Example Voltmeter
  𝑅2 250 𝑀 Ω
𝑉 2= ∗𝑉 = ∗ 24 𝑉 =12𝑉
  1 𝑅 2+ 𝑅 1 25 0 𝑀 Ω+250 𝑀 Ω
  R1=
  V=
  R2=
  1

 
Loading Effect (Loading Effect Error):
  RV=
  R1=
  V= A

  R2=
5
B
Design a Ammeter
A simple PMMC can only measure full scale deflection current (suppose 100µA)
IT
IS Im  
  Rm=
  RS=   Rm =
  IFSD=
  IFSD=

IT

6
Design a Ammeter
Determine the size of the required shunt resistance as well as its power rating to
use a 0-100µA PMMC meter movement having an internal coil resistance of 1KΩ as
the basis for a 0-10mA ammeter.

IT  
IS Im

  RS=   Rm =

  IFSD=

IT

7
Design a Ammeter
 
An ammeter has a PMMC instrument with a coil resistance of Rm = 99 and
FSD current of 0.1mA. Shunt resistance Rs = 1Ω. Determine the total current
passing through the ammeter at (a) FSD (b) 0.5FSD and (c) 0.25FSD
 At FSD:

IT
IS Im

  RS=   Rm=
At 0.5FSD:
  IFSD=

IT

8
Design a Ammeter
 
A PMMC instrument has FSD of 100µA and a coil resistance of Rm = 1.
Calculate the required shunt resistance value to convert the instrument into an
ammeter with a (a) FSD = 100mA and (b) FSD = 1A
 At FSD = 100mA:

IT
IS Im

  RS=   Rm=
At FSD = 1A:
  IFSD=
and
IFSD=1
IT

9
Multi-range Ammeter
 
A PMMC instrument has a three resistors Ayrton shunt connected across it to make
an ammeter as shown in figure. The resistance values are R1=0.05Ω, R2=0.45Ω and
R3=4.5Ω. The meter has Rm = 1 and full scale deflection current IFSD=50µA.
 
Calculate the three ranges of the ammeter   R =   I =50 FSD
When switch is at contact B: m

  R1 =   R2=   R3 =

C B
D

Figure (a)

10
Multi-range Ammeter
 
A PMMC instrument has a three resistors Ayrton shunt connected across it to make
an ammeter as shown in figure. The resistance values are R1=0.05Ω, R2=0.45Ω and
R3=4.5Ω. The meter has Rm = 1 and full scale deflection current IFSD=50µA.
 
Calculate the three ranges of the ammeter   R =   I =50 FSD
When switch is at contact C: m

  R1 =   R2=   R3 =

C B
D

Figure (a)

11
Ammeter Loading Effect
Example Ammeter
A

  Rin=
  RV=  

  V=

B
 

Loading Effect (Loading Effect Error):

12
Ammeter Loading Effect
Example Ammeter
A

  Rin=
  RV=  

  V=

B
 

Loading Effect (Loading Effect Error):

13