Social Science 2

NGEC-017 Society and Culture with Family Planning

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 Population

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Sub-Topics:
• Meaning of Population • Carrying Capacity
• Components Of Population • Population and the Environment
• Population Growth • Land Resources
• Population Structure • Forest Resources
• Spatial Distribution • Marine Resources
• Migration • Water Resources
• Consequences of Rapid Population • Mineral Resources
Growth • Energy Resources

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Population
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the cadets will be able
to:
[Link] the components of Population;
2. Analyze the factors that influence population
growth;
3. Discuss the importance of demographic and
other socio-economic data in determining the
needs of the populace;
4. Predict consequences of population growth;
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Population
5. Illustrate the relationship between
population and sustainable
development;
6. Explain the meaning of carrying
capacity;
7. Summarize environmental
problems and consequences;
8. Evaluate the importance of proper
environmental and resource
management.
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Meaning of Population
• The study of population is extremely
important to sociologists and to
other social scientists. Population
generally refers to the number of
people living in a given area.
• Hawley (1971) defined population as
an aggregate of individuals who have
access to the environment as a
means of sustenance and who are in
the state of interdependence.

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Meaning of Population
• To sociologist, population is the
number of persons occupying a
certain geographical area
drawing subsistence from their
environment, and interacting
with one another.
• A demographical study is of vital
importance as it gives data on
population, its condition, and
possible effects on society.

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Components Of Population
A. Population Growth
The scientific study of human
populations, including size,
composition, distribution,
density, growth, related socio-
economic characteristics, and the
causes and consequences of
changes in population is called
demography.

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Population Growth
Growth rate- refers to the rate at
which population is increasing or
decreasing i.e., the surplus or deficit
of births over deaths and net
migration.

Births – Deaths + Net Migration X100

Total Population

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Components Of Population
B. Population Structure
The age-sex structure of a
population describes its composition
according to the number of males
and females in given age grouping.
This structure is often represented by
a bar chart called the population [Link]
pyramid.

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Population Structure

The population pyramid is a special

type of bar chart that shows the age
and sex distribution of the population.
There are three general types
pyramid:
1. Expansive- which has a broad base
indicating a high proportion of
children and a rapid population
growth.

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Population Structure

2. Constructive- it has a base that is

narrower than the middle of the
pyramid usually a result of a recent
rapid decline in fertility affecting the
younger age groups.
3. Stationary- it has a narrow base
with approximately equal numbers in
each subsequent age group, tapering
off at the older ages and indicating a
moderate proportion of children at a
slow rate.
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Population Structure

Since most developed countries

have low birth rates and low death
rates, their population pyramid is
usually of the stationary type. On
the other hand, developing
countries commonly have
expensive population pyramids.
examples: Philippines – expansive
Singapore – constructive
Germany – stationary
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Population Structure

The Philippine age structure is very

young: 35.2% of the population are 14 years
old and below. Forty-six million of the 94
million Filipinos (2010 population estimate
according to the NSO) are females whose
age are 64 yrs. old and below. This implies
large fertility potentials between now and
the years to come. Maternal role in child-
rearing should be enhanced in order to
produce a healthy nation. Fathers also have
to be educated on responsible parenthood.
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Population Structure

Population pyramids can also be used to

determine the dependency ratio:

Pop.0-14yrs.+over 64yrs X100

Dependency Ratio= Pop. 15-64 yrs.

Of the total population, males comprise 50.3%

while females comprise 49.7% based on the 2010
data from the National Statistic Office.
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Components Of Population
C. Spatial Distribution
Population density or the
number of population per
square meter of land area
shows the spatial distribution
of population.

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Spatial Distribution

1. Fertility- the first determinant of • 

population change is fertility or birth.
Every time a baby is born, the CBR =
population increase by one.
Two measure are used to determine Where:
fertility: the crude birth rate (CBR) and
total fertility rate (TFR). CBR is the number CBR= crude birth year
of births per 1000 population in a given B= total live births for a
year, usually the estimated mid-year given year
population. TFR is the average number of P= mid-year population
children per woman.
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Spatial Distribution

2. Mortality- the second determinant of • 

population change is mortality or death.
Every time a person dies, whether young CDR=
or old, the population decreases by one.
Mortality is the technical term for Where:
death. It is a component of population
change and has a negative effect on CDR= crude death rate
population. D= total deaths in a given
The simplest measure of mortality is year
the crude death rate (CDR), which is the P= mid-year population
number of deaths per 1000 population in
a given year.
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Spatial Distribution

3. Migration- the migration pattern in

the country is basically from rural to
urban. This movement is largely
characterized by long-distance travel,
involving females, the unmarried, the
young, the people with little education.
Traditionally, Migration is defined as
the relatively permanent movement of a
person over significant distance.

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Migration

Immigration refers to the inward movement into a

country.
Emigration refers to the departure from a country.
The reason for migration include the ff:
a. Employment
b. Pursuit of higher education
c. Expectation of better housing, amenities, and
social services
d. Political instability
e. Natural calamities, e.g., the Mt. Bulusan eruption
f. Population pressure on agriculture lands
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Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
1. Economic Development
The national economy of the
Philippines is the 48th largest in the
world, with an estimated 2009 gross
domesticated product (nominal) of $161
billion. Primary exports include
semiconductors and electronic products,
transport equipment, garments, copper
products, petroleum products, coconut
oil, and fruits.

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Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
2. Education
Education is vitally important and so
access to education must be intensified.
The government spends a considerable
part of its budget on education, and
parents, whether they have gone to school
or not, want their children to have good
education. People believe, and
understandably so, that with good
education, it is possible to have better
jobs, adequate food, comfortable housing,
and high standard of living.
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Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
3. Employment
Continually developing, the Philippine
economy is transitioning from one that
is agriculture-based to one that is
anchored on services and
manufacturing. Of the country’s total
labor force of around 38.1 million, close
to 32% are employed by the agricultural
sector, which contributes only about
13.8% of the GDP.

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Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
4. Health and other Social Services
Private health provides take up most of
the national burden of health care.
According to the Dept. of Budget and
Management, the national health budget
for 2010 is 28.68 billion pesos (about $597,
or about 310 pesos per person), the total
expenditures of health represented 3.85 of
the GDP; 67.1% of that came from private
expenditures while 32.9% came from the
government. External resources accounted
for 2.9% of the total.
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Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
cont.
Health expenditures represented about 6.1% of
the total million or 310 ($7) per person. The
government share of total spending on health has
declined steadily, and with more people, there has
been less to spend per person.
in 2001, there are about 1,700 hospitals, of
which about 40% were public and 60% private.
These hospitals have a total of 85,000 beds or
about one (1) bed for every 900 people, according
to the Federal Research Division of the Library of
Congress of the United States of America.
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Consequences of Rapid Population Growth
5. Ecosystem
Individuals and population do not exist
separately in nature but are linked with
other organization in an abiotic
environment. There is a network of
relationships with each and every living or
non-living component of this environment.
Such a community of plants and animals
together with the environment that
controls it is called an ecosystem. As an
extreme example, a single rain puddle can
be regarded as an ecosystem.
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Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity can be defined as the
number of people that the earth can
support without irreversibly reducing its
capacity to support population in the
future. It is highly complex affair,
reflecting food and energy supplies,
ecosystem services, human capital,
people’s lifestyles, cultural constraints,
social institutions, political structures,
and above all, public policies, among
many other factors, all of which interact
with one another.
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Population and the Environment
Environmental problems having physical, social,
and economic consequences may be grouped
under three categories:
1. Resources deterioration- this problem arises
from shortage of food, minerals, power and
other basic resources.
2. Environmental pollution- this pollution of air,
water, and land causing biospheric destruction
that affects human health and the quality of life.
3. Radioactivity from nuclear weapons and
nuclear energy production.
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Population and Natural resources
A country’s population depends on its
natural resources for food, clothing, shelter,
and livelihood. Rapid population growth
increases the demand for the use and
exploitation of these resources. It threatens a
country’s capabilities to provide for the needs
of present and future generations. Proper
management and control of population
growth will help renewable and recyclable
resources to regenerate. It will likewise
promote the efficient use and conservation of
non-renewable resources like coal and oil.
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Land Resources
Only about 11% of the earth’s total land surface
is arable or can be regularly plowed for seeding and
growing crops. In Southwest Asia, only 18% of the
land area is suitable for rain-fed agriculture. In
Southeast Asia, 36% of the land is arable. In Phil. ,
32% of the land is classified as agricultural. Yet from
this land, the farming community must produce
enough food to feed the growing population.
Although uncultivated land suited to agriculture is
still available, the process of developing and
preparing the land for cultivation may be costly. In
many cases, this type of land needs careful
management to protect the topsoil and prevent soil
erosion.
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Land Resources
In spite of these trends, the
agriculture sectors remains one of
the largest single contributors to the
national economy. It provides
livelihood for approximately three-
fourth of the population and
employs half of the nation’s labor
force.

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Forest Resources
A serious cause of forest denudation is
subsistence cultivation and excessive fuel harvesting
as distinguished from commercial logging. As
agricultural lands are converted into housing areas
(usually due to urbanization and population
growth), more and more subsistence farmers are
encroaching on forests to live there, engaging in
kaingin (slash-and-burn system), collecting wood for
fuel or making charcoal, and gathering rattan for
livelihood. Problems begin when the number of
people is more than what available forest resources
can support. Much of these forests have been lost
to fire, kaingin, and legal as well as illegal logging.
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Forest Resources
• Deforestation or illegal logging is a serious
problem in the Phil. From being the world’s
leading exporter of tropical hardwoods in the
1970’s, the Phil. Became a net importer of
forest products by the 1990’s. In 1990, the
Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources
announced a 25-year plan for the sustainable
development of the country’s forest. The
Lawmakers are considering are considering a
countrywide ban on logging.

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Marine Resources
The Phil. Maritime waters encompass
as much as 2.2 million square km. which
are important part of the Coral triangle
(referring to the water off Indonesia,
Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon
Islands the Phil., and Timor Leste). This
marine sanctuary boasts of 2,400 fish
species and over 500 coral species.

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Marine Resources
Based on the data from the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations Fishery Information,
Data and Statistics Unit (1998), the Phil.
had an average annual capture /fish
production (excludes aquaculture) of
1,742,299 metric tons of marine fish
and 1,044,311 metric tons of
aquaculture production (including
freshwater fish).

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Water Resources
More than one-half of the world’s populations
have no access to safe drinking water. In the
Philippines, approximately 20% -30% of the
population has no access to safe drinking water.
In consequence, waterborne diseases are
prevalent and are major contributing factors to
mortality and morbidity rates, more especially
among young children. Diarrhea, in particular,
presents, a major public health problem in most
developing countries. Repeated attacks of
diarrhea can cause malnutrition in young children
and even death among undernourished children.
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Mineral Resources
The country is known to have
substantial mineral deposits that
include copper, gold, nickel, chromite,
limestone, and semi-precious stones
that can be found in the Sierra Madre
mountain range in Luzon and in the
Mindanao, the area from Davao to
Butuan is believed to be the richest
mineralized area of the country.

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Energy Resources
According to the Global Energy Network
Institute, 53.7 billion kilowatt hours was the
electric generation of the Phil. in 2005.
Thermal generation mostly from natural gas,
fuel, oil and coal, accounted for 68% of total
electricity production, followed by
hydropower with 15% and other sources
with 17%. According to EIA, total electricity
consumption was 47 billion kilowatt hours,
accounting for 12% of the Philippines final
energy consumption in 2005.
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Summary
Video presentation:
Population
[Link]
atch?v=YatkDHzahWw

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Reference
R1. Leano, RD Jr., Society and
Culture with Family Planning,
C&E Publishing, INC. (pp. 251-
269)

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 Population
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