Welcome

to
Presentation of Seminar
on
“Power Quality disturbances and
improvement methods”

SUBMITETED BY
AKSHAY K P
EEE S5
ROLL NO: 11
Content
 Introduction
 Definition / meaning
 Poor & Good Power Quality
 Power Quality disturbances (PQD)
 Categoriesof power quality
disturbances
 Causes & Consequences of PQD
 Improvement methods of PQD
 Advantagesand disadvantages of
improvement methods
Power Quality
 Power Quality:
 Electricalnetwork’s ability to supply a clean
& stable power supply
 Poor Power Quality:
 sufficient
deviation in the power supply to
cause equipment failure
 Good Power Quality:
 power supply is sufficient for the equipment
to operate satisfactorily
Power Quality disturbances
 Voltage sag (or dip)
 Short-interruptions
 Long interruptions
 Voltage spikes
 Voltage swells
 Harmonic distortion
 Voltage fluctuations
 Noise
 Voltage Imbalance
 Voltage Sag(or Dip)
 Definition:
 Decrease of the voltage level
between 10 and 90% of the nominal
rms voltage
 Causes:
 Faults on the transmission or
distribution network.
 Faults in consumer’s installation.
 Connection of heavy loads & start-
up of large motors.
 Consequences:
 Malfunction of microprocessor-
based control systems that may lead
to a process stoppage.
 Tripping of electromechanical
relays.

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 Short-Interruptions
 Total interruption of electrical supply for duration from few milliseconds to one
or two seconds.
 Causes:
 Opening and automatic reclosure of protection devices.
 Insulation failure, lightning and insulator flashover.
 Consequences:
 Tripping of protection devices.
 Loss of information and malfunction of data processing equipment.
 Stoppage of sensitive equipment (such as ASDs, PLCs).
Long Interruptions
 Total interruption of electrical supply for duration greater than 1 to 2
seconds.
 Causes:
 Equipment failure in the power system network.
 Storms and objects (trees, cars, etc) striking lines or poles, fire.
 Human error, bad coordination or failure of protection devices.
 Consequences:
 Stoppage of all equipment.
 Voltage Spike
 Definition:
 Very fast variation of the voltage value
for durations from a several
microseconds to few milliseconds
 Causes:
 Lightning, switching of lines or power
factor correction capacitors,
disconnection of heavy loads.
 Consequences:
 Destruction of components
(particularly electronic components)
and of insulation materials
 data processing errors or data loss
 electromagnetic interference.
Voltage Swell
 Definition:
 A momentary increase in the power
frequency voltage delivered by the
mains
 Causes:
 Start/stop of heavy loads.
 Poorly dimensioned power sources.
 Poorly regulated transformers.
 Consequences:
 Flickering of lighting and screens.
 Damage or stoppage or damage of
sensitive equipment.
 Harmonic Distortion
 waveform corresponds to the sum of different sine-waves with different
magnitude and phase, having frequencies that are multiples of power frequency
 Causes:
 all non-linear loads: power electronics equipment
 SMPS, data processing equipment
 Consequences:
 overheating of all cables and equipment
 loss of efficiency in electric machines
 errors in measures when using average reading meters
 tripping of thermal protections.
Voltage Fluctuations
 Definition:
 Oscillation of voltage value, amplitude modulated by a signal
with frequency of 0 to 30 Hz.
 Causes:
 Frequent start/stop of electric motors
 oscillating loads
 Consequences
 flickering of lighting and screens
 Noise
 Definition:
 Superimposing of high frequency signals on the waveform of the power-
system frequency.
 Causes:
 Electromagnetic interferences provoked by microwaves, television diffusion
 Radiation due to welding machines
 Improper grounding
 Consequences:
 Disturbances on sensitive electronic equipment
 data processing errors.
 Voltage Imbalance
 A voltage variation in a three-phase
system in which the three voltage
magnitudes or the phase-angle
differences between them are not
equal.

 Causes:
 Large single-phase loads
 Incorrect distribution of loads by
the three phases of the system.

 Consequences:
 The most affected loads are three
phase induction machines.
 Increase in the losses.
 PQ improvement methods
 POWER CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
1. Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSS)
2. Filters
3. Isolation Transformers
4. Voltage Regulators
5. Dynamic Voltage Restorer
6. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
7. Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)
8. Static Var Compensator(SVC)
9. Static circuit braker (SCB)

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 Transient voltage surge
suppressor(TVSS)
 Transient is the temporary rise in current or voltage in an
electrical circuit
 A TVSS is a device which is installed on a DC or AC
power line to act as cut off. If there is a momentary surge
of electrical power also known as transient.

ADVANTAGES
 Low cost protection device
 Help to reduce production losses
 Help to reduce motor stress and over heating

DISADVANTAGES
 Surge suppressor for efficient over voltage protection
below 5 to 6 volte are not available
 Filters
 Filters provide protection against low voltage high
frequency noises
2 Types filters
 Passive filter
 Active filter

 Total harmonic distortion (THD) can be reduced by

Advantages of active filter over passive

disadvantages
 When the isolation transformer operating at dc pulse sighnal the saturation property of the
core reduce
Voltage regulators
 Voltage regulator maintain output voltage at normal voltage under input voltage varietions
3 types of basic regulator
 Tap changing transformer
 Buck boost
 Constant voltage transformer

Advantages
 Ultra fast voltage correction speed
 Good line isolation
 Very low or no regulator maintances

Disadvantages
 Frequent over load can damage brushes
 Speed of voltage correction correct may not be fast enough for electronic load
Dynamic voltage restorer(DVR)
 DVR is a compensating custom power type device
 Voltage source inventor (VSI) of DVR generate a
compensating voltage which is then injected in the
distribution system by means of series injection
transformer

Advantages
 More energy capacity compare to ups
 Less losses
 Injects only the missing part of the supply voltage and
less maintenance

Disadvantages
 It cannot be used in low voltage consuming [Link]
will leads to voltage collaps
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
 An UPS is a electrical apparatus that provides emergency power
to a load when the input power source or main power fails

3 types of ups
 Off line ups
 Line interactive ups
 On line ups

Advantages
 Emergency power supply
 Provide surge protection
 Maintains battery life
 Huge power back up in the industry

Disadvantages
 High price
 Power loss
Unified power quality conditioner
(UPQC)
 The most complete configuration of hybrid filter
 Also known as universal active filter
 It mitigates both load current and supply voltage problems
simultaneously
 The UPQC consist of 2 voltage source converters
Advantages
 Capacity expansion is easier
 High voltage and current can be achieved
Disadvantages
 Conduction loss takes place
 Switching loss take place
Static var compensator( SVC)
 SVC IS a set of electrical device for providing fast acting
reactive power on high voltage electricity transmission
network
Advantages
 It increases power transmission capability of the transmission
line
 It improve transient stability of the system
 It improve the load power factor
Disadvantages
 Large in size
 Low dynamic response
 Static circuit breaker (SCB)
 SCB breaks a faulted circuit much faster than
mechanical circuit breaker
 The gate turn of thyristor (GTO) are the normal
current carrying element

Advantages
 More faster than other circuit breaker
 It provide fast and reliable interruption current

Disadvantages
 More expensive to install,repair and replace
Conclusion
 Power quality maintenance is an important aspect in the
economic operation of a system
 Various power quality disturbances may leads to another
undesirable problems
 Proper mitigation devices can be used to maintain the level of
power quality as desired
Reference 25
 Wikipedia
 Shodhganga [Link]
 Power quality world
 Science direct
 Electrical engineering portal
THANK YOU