LectureL/O/G/O
No.8
Advanced Engineering
Thermodynamics
Asst.Prof. Dr. Mahdi Hatf
Kadhum
(For Master Techniques )
20-12-2020
Thermal efficiency and
second law efficiency
Thermal Efficiency First-law efficiency
It can also be expressed as
Qin: amount of heat supplied to steam in boiler from a
high-temperature source
Qout: amount of heat rejected from steam in condenser to
a low temperature sink (the atmosphere, a river, etc.)
FIGURE 1
Part of the heat received by a heat engine is converted to
work, while the rest is rejected to a sink.
Wout : amount of work delivered by steam as it expands in turbine
Win : amount of work required to compress water to boiler pressure
FIGURE 2 Schematic of a steam power plant.
The net work output of this power plant is simply the difference between the total
work output of the plant and the total work input (Fig. 3):
FIGURE 3
A portion of the work output of a heat engine is consumed internally to maintain
continuous operation.
the net work output of the system is also equal to the net heat transfer to the system:
SECOND-LAW EFFICIENCY, ηII
Second – Law
efficiency definition:
A ratio of the thermal
efficiency of an actual
heat engine to that of
a reversible heat
engine η th, max=ηth,rev ηth,rev ηth,rev
FIGURE 4 Two heat engines that have the same thermal efficiency, but different
maximum thermal efficiencies.
Using °C or °F for temperatures in this relation gives results grossly in error.
1-
Error
Example
A heat engine that rejects waste heat to a sink at 530 R has a thermal
efficiency of 36 percent and a second-law efficiency of 60 percent. Determine
the temperature of the source that supplies heat to this engine.
ηII=
=
==0.6
ηth,rev= 0.6=
=
530
𝑇 h= =1325 R
0.4
THE RANKINE CYCLE
The first class of power cycles that we consider are those utilized by the
electric power generating industry, namely, power cycles that operate in
such a way that the working fluid changes phase from a liquid to a vapor.
The simplest vapor power cycle is called the Rankine cycle, shown
schematically in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Rankine cycle
The Rankine cycle is composed of the four ideal processes shown on the T-s
diagram in Fig. 8
Fig. 8 The T-s diagram
1 2: Isentropic compression in a pump
2 3: Constant-pressure heat addition in a boiler
3 4: Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4 1: Constant-pressure heat extraction in a condenser
where wp and qc are expressed as positive quantities. In terms of the
above, the thermal efficiency is:
The pump work is usually quite small, however, compared to the turbine work
and can most often be neglected. With this approximation there results:
𝑊𝑇
η=
𝑞𝐵
This is the relation used for the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle
EXAMPLE 8.1 A steam power plant is proposed to operate between the pressures of
10 kPa and 2 MPa with a maximum temperature of 4000C, as shown in Fig. 9. What is
the maximum efficiency possible from the power cycle?
Fig. 9
Let us include the pump work in the calculation and show that it is negligible. Also, we
will assume a unit mass of working fluid since we are only interested in the efficiency.
The pump work is
h2 = h1 + win= 191.8 + 1.99 = 194 kJ/kg. The heat input is found using
qB = h3 - h2 = 3248 - 194 = 3054 kJ/kg. To locate state 4 we recognize that
s4 = s3 = 7.1279. Hence,
giving the quality of state 4 as x4 = 0.8636. This allows us to find h4 to be
The work output from the turbine is
Consequently, the efficiency is
Obviously, the work required in the pumping process is negligible, being
only 0.2 percent of the turbine work. In engineering applications we often
neglect quantities that have an influence of less than 3 percent, since
invariably there is some quantity in the calculations that is known to only ±
3 percent; for example, the mass flux, the dimensions of a pipe, or the
density of the fluid.
HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
RANKINE CYCLE?
HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
RANKINE CYCLE?
1. Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg)
HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
RANKINE CYCLE?
2. Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh,avg)
HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
RANKINE CYCLE?
3. Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,avg)
The effect of pump and turbine irreversibilities
on the ideal Rankine cycle
A pump requires a greater work
input, and a turbine produces a
smaller work output as a result
of irreversibilities.
Combined Gas–vapor Power Cycles
H.W.1
A heat engine receives heat from a source at 1500 K at a rate of
700 kJ/s, and it rejects the waste heat to a medium at 320 K.
The measured power output of the heat engine is 320 kW, and
the environment temperature is 25°C. Determine (a) the
reversible power, (b) the rate of irreversibility, and (c) the
second-law efficiency of this heat engine.
Answers: (a) 550.7 kW, (b) 230.7 kW, (c) 58.1 percent
H.W . 2
Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine
cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 350°C and is
condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Determine
(a) the thermal efficiency of this power plant, (b) the thermal
efficiency if steam is superheated to 600°C instead of 350°C, and
(c) the thermal efficiency if the boiler pressure is raised to 15 MPa
while the turbine inlet temperature is maintained at 600°C.
L/O/G/O
