GENERAL
CHEMISTRY
QEE REVIEW 2017
Significant Figures
Balloon Pop Technique: Count the number of significant figures:
0.00120 km
Integers greater
than zero =
780 100 Pa
Zero =
Units
System Length Mass Time
Metric Centimeter (cm) Grams (g) Seconds (s)
SI Meter (m) Kilograms (kg) Seconds (s)
English Feet (ft) Pounds (lb) Seconds (s)
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
1 Deka da -1 Deci d
2 Hecto h -2 Centi c
3 Kilo k -3 Milli m
6 Mega M -6 Micro µ
9 Giga G -9 Nano n
12 Tera T -12 Pico p
15 peta p -15 femto f
Manipulation of Units
Titanium is used in airplane bodies because it is strong and light. It has a
density of 4.55 g/mL. If a cylinder of titanium is 7.75 cm long and has a mass
of 153.2 g, calculate the diameter of the cylinder in cm.
Find: Diameter cm
=
Changing the state of matter
Solid Gas Liquid Gas
Sublimation Evaporation
Gas Solid Gas Liquid
Deposition Condensation
Liquid Solid Solid Liquid
Freezing Melting/ Fusion
Atoms and Molecules
Atomic Structure and Mass
ATOM – fundamental building block of matter, indivisible and still
behave as a chemical system; smallest particle that can retain an
element’s chemical identity
NUCLEUS – the small dense core of an atom containing protons and
neutrons
PROTONS – positively charged subatomic particles
ELECTRONS – negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the
nucleus
NEUTRONS – electrically neutral subatomic particle
Atomic Structure and Mass
ISOTOPES – atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons;
have same atomic number but different mass numbers
ATOMIC NUMBER – identifies the element; equal to the number of protons
in a particular atom
ATOMIC MASS – average mass of an atom
ATOMIC SYMBOL:
Ions
IONS – charged particles; number of protons is not equal to the number of
electrons
ANIONS – negatively charged ions; protons < electrons
CATIONS – positively charged ions; protons > electrons
TWO FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS ABOUT ELECTRIC CHARGES:
1. Opposite charges attract each other and like charges repel one another.
2. Electric charge is conserved.
COULOMB’S LAW:
Compounds and Chemical Bonds
CHEMICAL BOND – attractive force between two atoms holding
them together to form a molecule or a part of the molecule
CHEMICAL COMPOUND – a pure substance made up of atoms of
two or more elements joined together by chemical bonds
MOLECULES – discrete particles formed by combining atoms
OCTET RULE – In forming chemical bonds, main group elements
gain, lose or share electrons to achieve a configuration in which they
are surrounded by eight valence electrons.
Compounds and Chemical Bonds
MOLECULAR FORMULA IONIC BONDING
Original formula; efficiently Losing and gaining of electrons
describes the atomic composition of
the molecule
EMPIRICAL FORMULA COVALENT BONDING
Relative ratio Sharing of electrons
Chemical Nomenclature
Naming Covalent Bonds: Naming Ionic Compounds:
Subscript Prefix
For Cations…
1 Mono
2 Di
[element name] + ion
3 Tri
4 Tetra
5 Penta For Anions…
6 Hexa [element name]-ide/ate
7 Hepta
8 Octa
9 Nona “-ic” -> 3
10 Deca
“-ous” -> 2
The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table Trends
The Periodic Table Trends
Ionization Energy
◦ defined as the energy needed to remove an outermost electron of an atom
from its shell to form an ion
Electronic Affinity
◦ defined as the energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom
Atomic Radius
◦ defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms joined
chemically. It measures the size of an atom.
The Periodic Table Electron
Configuration
Subshells of Main Energy levels
Subshell Subshell Max No. of
Shape
Type Name Electrons
s Sharp Spherical 2
p Principal Dumbell 6
d Diffuse Clover Leaf 10
f Fundamental Clover Leaf 14
Molecules, Moles and
Chemical Equations
Chemical Reactions
Combination Reaction/Synthesis Double Displacement
4(Al) + 3(O2) 2(Al2O3) BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Decomposition Reaction Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
2Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2
Single Displacement/Substitution
Reaction
2(Na) + 2(H2O) H2 + 2(NaOH)
Balancing Equations
1.
2.
3.
4.
Solving for Molar Mass of Compound
Consider the amount of each element present in the compound
Search for the atomic weight of each element in the periodic table
Multiply the molar mass of each element to its amount in the
compound
Add the resulting products
Example: Glucose
Molar Mass = (6 x 12) + (12 x 1) + (6 x 16) = 180 g/mol
Solution
Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solutes dissolve in the solvents.
Reactions that occur in water take place in aqueous solution.
Electrolyte is any substance that dissolves in water to produce an
aqueous solution that conducts electricity.
Formulas
% by Mass =
Molarity (M) =
Molality (ɱ) =
Mole fraction =
Principles
Aufbau's Principle
Description of the process by which electrons fill orbitals in order of
increasing energy.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom may have the same set of four quantum
numbers.
Hund's Rule
Within a subshell of an atom, electrons occupy orbitals individually first
before pairing.
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants
and products in chemical reactions.
Founded on the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of
the reactants equals the total mass of products.
Relation among quantities of reactants and products typically form a
ratio of positive integers
Converting grams to moles
Example: Convert 2.00g of NaCl to moles
Na = 22.99 g/mol, Cl = 35.45 g/mol
NaCl = 22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 g/mol
Molar Proportions
The following reaction is made:
If 0.27 moles of is used in the equation, how many moles of
water will be produced?
Solution:
Gases
Gas Laws
1. Boyle’s Law
• Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume
2. Charle’s and Gay-Lussac Law
• At constant pressure, V α T
Gas Laws
• At constant volume, P α T
3. Avogadro’s Law
• At constant temperature and pressure
Gas Laws
4. Combined Gas Law
5. Ideal Gas Law
Where R = ideal gas constant
= 0.082057
Standard Temperature and Pressure
(STP)
• Pressure = 1 atm
Conversion of Units of
Pressure
• Volume = 22.41L
1 atm
760 mmHg
• n = 1 mol 760 torr
101.325 kPa
• Temperature = 273.15 K
• R = 0.08206
Sample Problems:
• Carbon dioxide can be removed from a stream of gas by reacting it with calcium oxide to
form calcium carbonate. If we react 5.50 L of CO2 at STP with excess CaO, what mass of
calcium carbonate will form?
•24.6 g CaCO3
• When an experiment required a source of carbon dioxide, a student combined 1.4 g of
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) with excess hydrochloric acid. If the CO2 produced is
collected at 722 torr and 17 Celsius, what volume will the gas occupy? (NaHCO3 + HCl ->
NaCl + H2O + CO2)
•420mL
• What volume of hydrogen gas, in liters, is produced by the reaction of 3.43 g of iron
metal with 40.0 mL of 2.43 M HCl? The gas is collected at 2.25 atm of pressure and 23
Celsius. The other product is FeCl2.
•0.52L
