The Urinary System
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 15
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Vocabulary
Slide 1
1. Renal cortex 1. Distal convoluted tubules
2. Renal medulla 2. Collecting duct
3. Medullary pyramids 3. Peritubular capillaries
4. Renal pelvis 4. Urethra
5. Hilus 5. Ureter
6. Glomerulus 6. Sphincter
7. Afferent arterioles 7. Incontinence
8. Efferent arterioles 8. Hyperplasia
9. Bowman’s capsule 9. Aldosterone
10. Proximal convoluted 10. Diabetes insipidus 516
tubules
11. Loop of Henle
Answer these
Slide 2
What is the job of the kidneys? List 3. p502
What 2 other parts of the body aid in excretion? 502
Approximately how many nephrons does each
kidney contain? 505
What are the 2 main structures of the nephron? 505
Put these in the correct order. proximal convoluted
tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle 505
Which part of the kidney are the nephrons located?
What causes fluids and small solutes out of the blood
& into the Bowman’s capsule? 505
Answer these
Slide 3
What 3 processes are needed to form urine? 507
What substances are typically reabsorbed by the
tubules? 507
Name 4 physical features of the bladder. How much
urine can the average adult bladder hold? 512-3
What causes urine to move down the ureters? 512
Tell the difference between the internal urethral
sphincter and external urethral sphincter. 513
What % does water make up in female & male
bodies? 514
Slide 4
Name 5 situations where incontinence is considered
normal? 514 What is one time in life it is normal? 521
What is the difference of intracellular fluid and
extracellular fluid? 515
When blood pH rises, the respiratory system is
_____. What does this do for the blood? 520
What organ most controls blood pH?
What is the average adult urine output per day? 521
(T/F) Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) may
cause urinary tract infections. 521
Kidneys
• DISPOSE OF METABOLIC WASTE PRODUCTS
• REGULATE BLOOD VOLUME
• MANUFACTURE URINE
• CONVERT VITAMIN D FROM AN INACTIVE TO ACTIVE
FORM
Nephrons and Urine Formation
Nephrons
Structural and functional units of the kidneys
Each kidney contains over one million
Responsible for forming urine
Nephrons
Nephrons
Glomerulus:
Knot of capillaries
Renal Tubule:
Glomerular Capsule: closed end of the renal tubule that
surrounds the glomerulus
Rest of the tube extends from the glomerular capsule, coils and
twists (proximal convoluted tubule) before making a hairpin
loop (Loop of Henle)
Then it becomes coiled and twisted again (distal convoluted
tubule) and enters the collecting duct
Tubule cells contain microvilli to increase surface area
Nephrons
Cortical Nephrons:
Most nephrons
Located almost entirely within the cortex
Juxtamedullary Nephrons:
Few nephrons
Situated close to the cortex-medulla
junction
Loops of Henle dip into the medulla
Nephrons
Collecting Ducts:
Each receive urine from many nephrons
Run downward through the medullary pyramids
Deliver the urine to the renal pelvis
Nephrons
Afferent Arteriole:
Feeds blood to the glomerulus
Efferent Arteriole:
Carries blood from the glomerulus
Glomerulus:
Specialized capillary bed for filtration
Extremely high blood pressure forces fluid and solutes out of
the blood
Most removed fluid and solutes are returned to the blood in
the peritubular capillary beds
Urine
Urine Formation
Three Major Processes:
Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Urine Formation
Filtration:
Nonselective and passive
Filtrate = blood plasma without blood proteins
If blood cells or proteins are found in the urine = sign that
glomerular filters are malfunctioning
Filtrate formation stops if blood pressure drops too low
Urine Formation
Tubular Reabsorption:
Filtration removes many useful substances from the blood that
must be reclaimed
Begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted
tubule
Some is passive, most is active
Needed Substances in the blood: water, glucose, amino acids,
and ions
Nitrogenous waste products are poorly reabsorbed: urea, uric
acid, & creatinine
Urine Formation
Tubular Secretion:
Reabsorption in reverse
Gets rid of substances not already in the filtrate, such as
certain drugs
Moves from blood peritubular capillaries into tubules
Additional means for controlling blood pH
Characteristics of Urine
In 24 hours the kidneys filter 150-180 L of blood
plasma and produces 1-1.8L of urine
Freshly voided urine is generally clear and pale to
deep yellow
Urochrome pigment from destruction of hemoglobin
causes yellow color
More solutes = deeper color
More dense than water
Typically contain ammonia
Sterile (free from bacteria or microorganisms)
Characteristics of Urine
When formed: urine is sterile with a slightly
aromatic odor
When allowed to stand: ammonia odor due to
bacteria
Some drugs, vegetables, and diseases alter the odor
of urine
Characteristics of Urine
Usually slightly acidic – pH 6
Lots of protein and whole wheat = more acidic
Vegetarian diet = more basic
Characteristics of Urine
Urine is more dense than distilled water
Specific Gravity: compare how much heavier urine is
than distilled water
Ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 (dilute to concentrated)
Generally low when a person: drinks excess fluids, uses
diuretics, or has chronic renal failure
Generally high when a person: has inadequate fluid intake,
fever, or kidney inflammation
Characteristics of Urine
Solutes Normally Found in Urine:
Sodium and potassium ions
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Ammonia
Bicarbonate ions
Other ions
Characteristics of Urine
Substances NOT Normally Found in Urine:
Glucose
Blood proteins
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
White blood cells (pus)
Bile
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-
Base Balance
Blood Composition
Four Major Roles of the Kidneys in Maintaining
Stable Blood Composition:
Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
Maintaining water balance
Maintaining electrolyte balance
Ensuring proper blood pH
Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
Three Major Fluid Compartments in the Body:
Intracellular Fluid
Contained within living cells
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid found between living cells, CSF, serous fluid, humors of the
eye, lymph, etc
Plasma
Blood plasma
Water In and Water Out
Water Intake:
10% Metabolism
30% Food
60% Beverages
Water Output:
4% Feces
8% Sweat
28% Loss through skin and lungs
60% Urine
NASA recycles in space
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Water recycling on the ISS
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Recycling urine
Regulation of Reabsorption
When blood volume drops, arterial blood pressure
drops, and filtrate formation drops
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus react to changes
in blood composition by becoming more active
Antidiuretic Hormone: prevents excessive water loss
in urine, causes the collecting ducts to reabsorb more
water
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood
Blood pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45
Respiratory System Controls
Release more carbon dioxide when blood pH drops
Release less carbon dioxide when blood pH rises
Bicarbonate Buffer System
Mixture of carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate
Weak acid minimizes effect of bases
Conjugate base minimizes effect of acids
