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Understanding Thermodynamics Laws

Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy. It studies macroscopic variables like temperature, volume, and pressure in physical systems. The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental principles that do not depend on system details. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. The second law is that heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot. The third law is that entropy approaches a minimum as temperature approaches absolute zero. Thermodynamics distinguishes between reversible processes that can restore a system to its initial state and irreversible natural processes.

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99 views11 pages

Understanding Thermodynamics Laws

Thermodynamics is the science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy. It studies macroscopic variables like temperature, volume, and pressure in physical systems. The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental principles that do not depend on system details. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. The second law is that heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot. The third law is that entropy approaches a minimum as temperature approaches absolute zero. Thermodynamics distinguishes between reversible processes that can restore a system to its initial state and irreversible natural processes.

Uploaded by

Piyush Kumar
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PHYSICS PROJECT WORK

THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is the science of energy
conversion involving heat and other forms of
energy, most notably mechanical work. It
studies and interrelates the macroscopic
variables, such as temperature, volume and
pressure, which describe physical,
thermodynamic systems.
Laws of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics defines four laws which do


not depend on the details of the systems
under study or how they interact. Hence these
laws are generally valid and can be applied to
systems about which one knows nothing other
than the balance of energy and matter transfer.
Examples of such systems include Einstein's
prediction of spontaneous emission, and
ongoing research into the thermodynamics of
black holes.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems


are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they
are also in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
First law of thermodynamics:
The internal energy of an isolated system is constant.
The first law of thermodynamics is an expression of the
principle of conservation of energy. It states that
energy can be transformed (changed from one form to
another), but cannot be created or destroyed.[20]
Second law of thermodynamics: Heat cannot
spontaneously flow from a colder location to a
hotter location.
The second law of thermodynamics is an
expression of the universal principle of decay
observable in nature. The second law is an
observation of the fact that over time,
differences in temperature, pressure, and
chemical potential tend to even out in a
physical system that is isolated from the
outside world. Entropy is a measure of how
much this process has progressed. The entropy
of an isolated system which is not in
equilibrium will tend to increase over time,
approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.
Third law of thermodynamics:
As a system approaches absolute zero, all processes
cease and the entropy of the system approaches a
minimum value.
The third law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of
nature regarding entropy and the impossibility of
reaching absolute zeroth of temperature
Reversible Process

The process in which the system and


surroundings can be restored to the initial
state from the final state without producing
any changes in the thermodynamics properties
of the universe is called as the reversible
process.
Irreversible Process
The irreversible process is also called as natural
process because all the processes occurring in
the nature are irreversible processes. The
natural process occurs due to finite gradient
between the two states of the system.
Carnot Engine
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