IDEOLOGIES
1. LIBERALISM
• Derived from the Latin word “liber” which means “free
men”.
• Supports promoting the individual welfare and
supporting civil rights and accepts peaceful political,
social change within the existing political system.
• Belief that man is good and that his ability to reason to
allow him to attain economic, political, and social
progress (Dooley, 2013).
SET OF VALUES AND BELIEFS
OF LIBERALISM
1. Individualism – belief in the supreme importance
of the individual over any social group or collective
body.
2. Freedom – ability to think or act as one wishes, a
capacity that can be associated with the individual,
a social group or a nation.
3. Reason – gives human beings the capacity to
take charge of their own lives and fashion their
own destinies.
4. Justice – moral standard of fairness and
impartiality.
5. Toleration – is the forbearance, willingness to
accept views or action with which one is in
disagreement.
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM
- is subscribed to egotistical
individualism; have a belief in negative
freedom; the state regarded at best as a
‘necessary evil’; and have broadly positive
view of civil society.
NEOLIBERALISM
- posits that states are constantly
interacting with each other and that they
value cooperation as part of their own
interest. It refers to the revival of economic
liberalism.
2. CONSERVATISM
• Derived from the word conservation.
• Political philosophy that tends to support the
status quo and advocates change only in
moderation upholding the value of tradition
and seeks to preserve all that is good about
the past (Dooley, 2013).
3. SOCIALISM
• Derived from the word ‘socialist’ in Latin social meaning to
combine or to share.
• An economic and political doctrine advocating
governmental ownership and direction of production and
services.
• Viewed as an ideology which opposed capitalism and tries
to provide more humane and socially valuable substitute.
DISTINCTIVE WAYS OF
UNDERSTANDING SOCIALISM
• Socialism is seen as an economic model.
• Socialism as an instrument of the labor
movement.
• Socialism as apolitical creed encompasses
community, cooperation, equality, class
politics and collective ownership.
4. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
• Moderate or reformed brand of socialism that
favor a balance between market and the state
rather than the abolition of capitalism.
• An ideological stance that supports a full
balance between market capitalism, in the
other hand, and state intervention, on the
other side.
5. COMMUNISM
• An economic, social, and political system
seeking government ownership of
production and services directed by a
process of scientific administration and
universal assent
6. FASCISM
• Derived from fasces, an Italian word which means a
bundle of rods with an axe-blade protruding that signified
the authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome.
• In 1890s, an Italian word fascia was used which refers to a
political group or brand.
• Fascism is a movement that stands for outmoded,
repressive social and political conditions rejecting
democracy repudiates constitutionalism and stresses all
values arise from the state against which the individual
has no right.
SALIENT FEATURES OF
FASCISM
• Totalitarianism
• Nationalism
• Antiliberalism
• Militarism and Violence
• Leadership
7. RELIGIOUS
FUNDAMENTALISM
• The word fundamentalism is taken from the
Latin word fundamental meaning base.
• Associated with inflexibility, dogmatism,
authoritarianism or worst violence.
• Characterized by a rejection of the distinction
between politics and religion.
8. FEMINISM
• Derived from the Latin word Femina
meaning women or female.
• Concerned with the attainment of gender
equality in the political, economic, and social
spheres of life.
BASIC IDEA OF FEMINISM
“Women experience a poor state in society
as a consequence of patriarchy, male
domination of women, which has historically
characterized in all social relationships and that
this disadvantage can and should be
overthrown.”
9. ENVIRONMENTALISM
• Ideology focusing on the idea that environment is
endangered and must be preserved through
regulation and lifestyle changes.
• Its concern is about the natural environment
particularly about reducing environmental
degradation that is more of a policy orientation
rather than ideological stance.
