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Signals and Systems: by Siva Rama Krishna Ayaluru

This document discusses different types of signals and systems. It defines continuous, discrete, and digital signals, as well as deterministic and random signals. It also discusses periodic, aperiodic, even, odd, energy, power, causal, and non-causal signals. The document defines systems and describes types of systems including static vs dynamic, linear vs nonlinear, time-invariant vs time-variant, and stable vs unstable systems. It provides examples to illustrate the key concepts.

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Siva Rama Krishna
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108 views31 pages

Signals and Systems: by Siva Rama Krishna Ayaluru

This document discusses different types of signals and systems. It defines continuous, discrete, and digital signals, as well as deterministic and random signals. It also discusses periodic, aperiodic, even, odd, energy, power, causal, and non-causal signals. The document defines systems and describes types of systems including static vs dynamic, linear vs nonlinear, time-invariant vs time-variant, and stable vs unstable systems. It provides examples to illustrate the key concepts.

Uploaded by

Siva Rama Krishna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIGNALS AND

SYSTEMS
By
Siva Rama Krishna Ayaluru
What is a signal?
Types of Signals
 Continuous
 Discrete
 Digital
Examples of Continuous Time Signals
ECG Signal
Temperature recorded over an interval of time
Examples of Discrete Time Signals
Temperature recorded in a room every one hour

Temperature recorded in a room every one hour


 Deterministic Signals
 Random Signals
Random Signal
Deterministic Signal

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω 𝑡
 
 Periodic Signals
 Aperiodic Signals
Examples of Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

Periodic Signal

 𝑥 ( 𝑡 +𝑇 ) =𝑥(𝑡 )

Aperiodic Signal

𝑥 ( 𝑡 +𝑇 ) ≠ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )
 
Even and Odd Signals

 
Even Signal
If for all t……….. Even Signal

Example:
Odd Signals
  If for all t………Odd Signal

 Example
Energy and Power Signals
  
Energy Signal
 Energy of a continuous time signal

A signal is an energy signal if


 Energy is finite (
 For an energy signal average power is zero.
P=0.
Examples of Energy Signal
  
  
Power Signal
 Average power of a continuous time signal

A signal is said to be power signal if


 Its average power
 For a power signal , Energy E=
Examples of Power Signals
  
Causal and non-causal Signals
  
Causal Signals
 A signal is causal if
 for …….continuous time
 for ….....discrete time

 Examples:
  
Non-causal Signals
 A signal is non-causal if
 for …….continuous time
 for ….....discrete time

 Examples:
Systems
 What is a system?

  𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑇 [ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) ]
Types of Systems
 Continuous time and discrete time systems
 Lumped parameter and distributed parameter
systems
 Static and Dynamic Systems
 Causal and non-causal systems
 Linear and non-linear systems
 Time-invariant and time-variant systems
 Stable and unstable systems
  Static System or Memoryless System

 Examples
  Dynamic System or System with memory

 Examples
  Causal System

 Examples
  Non-causal System

 Examples
Linear Systems
   system is linear if it satisfies additivity and
A
homogenity.

 Additive System:
 If and

then the system is said to be additive.


  Homogenous System
 If
⇒
then the system is said to be homogenous.

Examples of Linear Systems:


Time-invariant Systems

𝑦 ( 𝑡 −𝑇 )=𝑇 [𝑥 ( 𝑡 −𝑇 ) ]
 
  If then it is Time-variant system.

 Examples of Time-invariant System

 Examples of Time-variant System


Stable and Unstable Systems
 Stable System

𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) < 𝑀 𝑥 <∞ ⇒ 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) < 𝑀 𝑦 <∞


 
 Unstable System

 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) < 𝑀 𝑥 <∞ ⇒ 𝑦 (𝑡 )≮ ∞

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