Energy and the
First Law of
Thermodynamics
Ex. Evaluate the power required for a bicyclist traveling at 20 miles per
hour to overcome the drag force imposed by the surrounding air.
This aerodynamic drag force is
where Cd is a constant called
the drag coefficient,
A is the frontal area of the
bicycle and rider,
and r is the air density.
A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process
for which the relationship between pressure and volume is given by
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final
volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process, in kJ, if (a) n =
1.5, (b) n = 1.0, and (c) n = 0.
Extension of a Solid Bar
Stretching of a Liquid Film
Power Transmitted by a Shaft
Electric Power
Energy Transfer by Heat
Modes of heat transfer
1) Conduction
2) Radiation
3) Convection
Energy Accounting: Energy Balance for Closed Systems
Important Aspects of the Energy Balance
Differential form
Time rate form
Fig. 2.16 Alternative choices for system
boundaries.
Ex. Four-tenths kilogram of a certain gas is contained within a
piston–cylinder assembly. The gas undergoes a process for which
the pressure–volume relationship is
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the
final volume is 0.2 m3. The change in specific internal energy of the
gas in the process is u2-u1 = -55 kJ/kg. There are no significant
changes in kinetic or potential energy. Determine the net heat
transfer for the process, in kJ.
During steady-state operation, a gearbox receives 60 kW through
the input shaft and delivers power through the output shaft. For the
gearbox as the system, the rate of energy transfer by convection is
where h = 0.171 kW/m2 .K is the heat transfer coefficient, A = 1.0 m2
is the outer surface area of the gearbox, Tb = 300 K (27C) is the
temperature at the outer surface, and Tf = 293 K (20C) is the
temperature of the surrounding air away from the immediate vicinity
of the gearbox.
For the gearbox, evaluate
the heat transfer rate and
the power delivered through
the output shaft, each in kW.
A silicon chip measuring 5 mm on a side and 1 mm in thickness is
embedded in a ceramic substrate. At steady state, the chip has an
electrical power input of 0.225 W. The top surface of the chip is
exposed to a coolant whose temperature is 20C. The heat transfer
coefficient for convection between the chip and the coolant is 150
W/m2 K. If heat transfer by conduction between the chip and the
substrate is negligible,
determine the surface
temperature of the chip, in C.
The rate of heat transfer between a certain electric motor and its
surroundings varies with time as
where t is in seconds and Q is in kW. The shaft of the motor rotates
at a constant speed of ω = 100 rad/s (about 955 revolutions per
minute, or RPM) and applies a constant torque of τ = 18 N.m to an
external load. The motor draws a constant electric power input equal
to 2.0 kW. For the motor, plot Q and W, each in kW, and the change
in energy ∆E, in kJ, as functions of time from t = 0 to t = 120 s.
Discuss.
Energy Analysis of Cycles
A thermodynamic cycle is a sequence of processes that begins and
ends at the same state..
Cycle Energy Balance
1) Power Cycles
2) Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles
The objective of a refrigeration cycle is to
cool a refrigerated space or to maintain the
temperature within a dwelling or other
building below that of the surroundings.
The objective of a heat pump is to
maintain the temperature within a dwelling
or other building above that of the surroundings
or to provide heating for certain industrial processes that occur at
elevated temperatures.
Refrigeration Cycles
Heat Pump Cycles
Ex. The refrigerator shown in Fig. P2.90 steadily receives a power
input of 0.15 kW while rejecting energy by heat transfer to the
surroundings at a rate of 0.6 kW. Determine the rate at which
energy is removed by heat transfer from the refrigerated space, in
kW, and the refrigerator’s coefficient of performance.
Ex. Evaluating electricity at 8 cents
per kW.h, determine the refrigerator’s
annual electricity requirement, in kW.h
if the annual cost of electricity is $55.
A concentrating solar collector system, as shown in Fig., provides
energy by heat transfer to a power cycle at a rate of 2 MW. The
cycle thermal efficiency is 36%.
Determine the power developed by the cycle, in MW. What is the
work output, in MW.h, for 4380 hours of steady-state operation? If
the work is valued at $0.08/kW.h, what is the total dollar value of
the work output?
