CE-UG-2018

Spring FEB-JUN 2020

LECTURE-6
Pipe Roughness
The friction depends not only on the size and shape of the projections,
but also on their distribution and spacing.
In 1933 by a German engineer, J. Nikuradse, a student of Prandtle,
coated several different sizes of pipe with sand grains that he had
sorted by sieving into different grain sizes of reasonably uniform
diameters.
Diameter of these sand grains have been represented by “e”, which is
known as absolute roughness.
It has already been known that the friction factor ‘f’ is the function of
Reynold’s Number.
A more general approach, including ‘e’ as parameter reveals that f=
(R, e/D)
The term e/D is known as the relative roughness.
Prandtl gave an equation for friction factor, the equation
applies to turbulent flow in any pipe as long as δν>e, when
this condition prevails the flow is known as smooth pipe
flow.
Range : R>4000
Assumption is that the surface is so smooth that the
effects of projections do not pierce the viscous sublayer,
which becomes increasingly thinner with increasing R. (As
from the equation , f=0 when R= infinity.
Iteration or a graph of f versus R must be used to solve the
equation for “f”. It is implicit in f.

Smooth Pipe Flow:

Colebrook suggested another explicit equation .
Range : 4000 R 108

Smooth Pipe Flow:

Blasius smooth pipe:

Blasius smooth pipe:

7th Root Law for turbulent velocity distribution(y=ro-r)
For R >105, exponent< 1/7
Von Karman found another friction factor expression
for fully rough pipe
At high value of R, δν becomes much smaller,
roughness element protrude to the viscous sublayer.
If δν < e/14, flow would behave fully rough pipe flow,
then friction factor is independent of Reynolds
number

Fully rough pipe flow

Turbulent Flow, all pipes (Colebrook):

It provide good approximation to conditions in intermediate

range
When e=0, Colebrook equation reduces to smooth-pipe equation.
For large R it reduces to fully rough pipe equation.
Thus it applies to all turbulent flow conditions
Disadvantage : it is implicit in f, which makes it inconvenient to
use manually evaluate f.
Turbulent Flow, all pipes (Haaland):

Range: 4000 R 108

 Advantage: explicit in f
Chart for friction factor
The preceding equations for f have been very
inconvenient to use in a number of circumstances.
The inconvenience was largely overcome by reading
numerical values from a chart prepared by Moody in
1944.
The chart is often called as the Moody diagram.
It is based on the preceding equations.
All the quantities involved in the chart are
dimensionless , so both FPS and SI unit systems can
be used.
Zones in Moody’s Chart
 Laminar Flow Zone
 Critical zone
Where the values are uncertain because the flow might be either
laminar or turbulent.
 Transition Zone
Where f is the function of both Reynolds number and relative pipe
roughness
 Zone of Complete turbulence
Where the value of f is independent of Reynolds number and
depends solely upon relative roughness., e/D
Sharp line of demarcation between the transition zone and the zone
of complete turbulence was suggested by R.J.S , the equation of
this line is 3500/(e/D)
Chart for Friction Factor
Excercise
1. Air at 30 degree Celcius and atmospheric pressure
flows with velocity of 6.5m/s through a 75 mm
diameter pipe (e=0.002 mm). Find friction head loss
in 30 m of pipe.
Steps for Solution

1. From table A.2. 𝜗 = 16 ∗ 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠

𝐷𝑉
2. Find Reynold Number 𝑅 = 𝜗
3. Find e/D
4. Find ‘f’ from moody’s diagram
𝐿𝑉 2
5. Find ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
2𝑔𝐷
 Excercise
1. Crude oil (s=0.855) at 50 degree celcius flows at
300L/s through a 450mm diameter pipe (e=0.054
mm) 1500 m long. Find the head loss.
Steps for Solution

1. From Fig A.2 for crude oil (s = 0.855) at 50oC 𝜗 = 3.8 ∗ 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑄
2. Find velocity 𝑉 = 𝐴
𝐷𝑉
3. Find Reynold Number 𝑅 = 𝜗
4. Find relative roughness e/D
5. Find ‘f’ from moody’s diagram
𝐿𝑉 2
6. Find head loss ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝐷2𝑔
 Excercise
1. When water at 50 degree F flows at 2.5 cfs in a 20-in pipeline, the
head loss is 0.0004 ft/ft. what will be the friction head loss when
glycerine at 68 degree F flows through this same pipe at the same
rate.
Steps for Solution

1. Find Kinemetic Viscosity 𝜗 from table A-1

2. Find velocity V = Q/A
𝐷𝑉
3. Find Reynold Number 𝑅 =
𝜗
𝐿𝑉 2
4. Find ‘f’ from ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷2𝑔
5. Find e/D from moody’s diagram corresponding to f and Reynold’s number
6. From table A.4 for glycerm at 68 oF: s = 1.26, 𝜇 = 0.0312 𝑙𝑏 𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑓𝑡 2
𝜇
7. Find 𝜗 = 𝜌
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌 = 𝑠 ∗ 1.940
𝐷𝑉
8. Find Reynold’s number and find whether flow is laminar or turbulent 𝑅 =
𝜗
64
9. Find 𝑓 = 𝑅
ℎ𝑓 𝑉2
10. Find 𝐿
= 𝑓 2𝑔𝑑
Oil (s=0.94) with 0.0096 N-s/m2 flows in 90-mm-
diameter welded-steel pipe (e=0.046 mm) at 7.2 L/s.
what is the friction head loss per meter of pipe?
STEPS:
1. Find the velocity V
2. Find Reynolds Number
3. Find the relative roughness
4. Find friction factor from moody chart
5. Find hf/L
 A straight, new, 48-in-diameter asphalted cast-iron pipe (e=0.0004) 700ft long carries 78 degree F
water at an average velocity of 12 fps.
a) Using the value of f as determined from moody chart, find the shear force on the pipe.
b) What will be the shear force if the average velocity is reduced to 4.2 fps?
STEPS:
 Find e/D
 Interpolating in Table A.1: kinematic viscosity=0.956 x 10-5 ft2/sec
a.
1. Find the Reynolds Number R
2. From Moody Chart find the value of f.
3. Find the shear stress τo = fρV2/8
4. Find Shear force = π DL τo
b.
1. If V=4.2fps, find Reynolds Number R
2. From Moody Chart find the value of f.
3. Find the shear stress τo = fρV2/8
4. Find Shear force = π DL τo
 Water at 20 degree Celsius flows through a 150-mm-diameter pipe with e=0.015mm.
a) If mean velocity is 5 m/s, what is the nominal thickness δv of the viscous sublayer?
b) What will δv be if the velocity is increased to 6.2 m/s?
STEPS
 From table A.1 at 20 degree Celsius: kinemetic viscosity = 1.003 x 10 -6m2/s
a.
1. Find the Reynolds Number R
2. Find the absolute roughness e/D
3. From Moody Chart find the value of f.
4. Find δv=14.14ν/Vf1/2
b.
1. Find the Reynolds Number R
2. Find the absolute roughness e/D
3. From Moody Chart find the value of f.
4. Find δv=14.14ν/Vf1/2
Single pipe flow-solution basics
Piezometric head
It represents the level to which liquid will rise in a piezometer
tube.
 
Piezometer head = P/ + z
Where:
P = static pressure head
z = elevation
Hydraulic grade line
The piezometric line or hydraulic grade line is drawn through
the liquid surfaces in piezometers, on the HGL the pressure is
that of the surroundings, usually atmospheric.
Static pressure head
This is the difference in pressure head between streamline and
the surroundings and ofcourse this also indicates the difference
in pressure.
Pitot tube
A small tube with its open end in the flow
pointing upstream, will intercept the kinetic
energy of the flow in addition to the piezometric
head, and so its liquid level indicates the total
energy head.
P/ + z + u2/2g

Energy line
The line drawn through the pitot tube liquid
surfaces is known as energy line.
 The energy line is horizontal because there is
no head loss for real fluid.
 The energy line must slope downward in the
direction of flow because of head loss due to
fluid friction.
Governing equations
Four simultaneous equations govern flow at a point
in a single pipe.
Three of these are the equations of continuity
4𝑄
𝑉=
𝜋𝐷 2
𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷2𝑔
𝐷𝑉
𝑅=
𝜗
 For turbulent flow
Fourth equation
𝑒
1 2.51
Turbulent Flow, all pipes (Colebrook): = −2 log ൬ +
𝐷
൰
ඥ𝑓 3.7 𝑅 ඥ𝑓

𝑒
1 1.11 6.9
Turbulent Flow, all pipes (Haaland): = −1.8 log ൬𝑑
( ) + ൰
ඥ𝑓 3.7 𝑅
For Laminar Flow
If the pipe line is uniform in size, shape and
roughness
f = 64/R
The four unknowns are usually
4𝑄 f, R, D or hf, and Q or
V. 𝑉= 2
𝜋𝐷
𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷2𝑔
𝐷𝑉
𝑅=
𝜗
 In some cases we will need hf as a known quantity and if it is not given
we can often obtain it by rearranging energy equations.
(P1/ + z1 + V12/2g) – hL = (P2/ + z2 + V22/2g)
hL = (P1/ + z1 + V12/2g) – (P2/ + z2 + V22/2g)
hL = P/ + z + (V12 – V22)/2g
 P1 = P2 if points 1 and 2 are in contact with the atmosphere.
 Therefore P = 0
 And V1 = V2 if points are on reservoir water surface and if they are in a
pipeline of constant diameter.
 So, hL = z
 hf may be equal to hL or it may be less than hL
 hL – hf = minor losses which are often negligible.
Chart for Friction Factor
Pipe flow Problems
Most of the engineering problems fall within the
transition zone.
In this zone, the conditions depend on both e/D and
the Reynolds Number, we need a definite value of R.
When V or D is unknown, and so is R .
The solution procedure varies with the type of
problem, we can categorize most single pipe flow
problems into one of the following three types.

TYPE FIND GIVEN

1. Head-loss Problem hf D, Q or V and g, L, e, ν
2. Discharge Problem Q or V D, hf , and g, L, e, ν
3. Sizing problem D Q, hf , and g, L, e, ν
Excercise
8.38: A steel pipe (e = 0.0002 ft) 13,450 feet long is to convey oil 𝜗 =
0.00054 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 at 13 cfs from a reservoir with surface elevation 705 ft to one
with surface elevation 390 ft (Fig. P8.38). Theoretically what pipe size is required?

8.39: A steel pipe (e = 0.065 mm) 4200 m long is to convey oil 𝜗 = 5.2 ∗
10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 at 300 L/s from a reservoir with surface elevation 247 m to one
with surface elevation 156 m (Fig. P8.38). Theoretically what pipe size is required?

8.40: Water at 15oC flowing through 25 m of 100-mm diameter galvanized iron

pipe causes a friction head loss of 75 mm. Find the flow rate.
8.38
Steps
 A type 3 Problem, to find D. e is given.
 Use pipe friction equation to drive the equation of D in terms of f, as
hf is the difference of the elevation in two reservoir.
 As V=Q/A, form an equation of V in terms of D.
 Form an equation of R in terms of D and V.
 Assume the value of f, if D is not known, a value near the middle of f
range on moody chart, such as 0.03 , makes good start.
 Each succeeding trial is started with the f value obtained from the
previous trial.
 Calculate D

Try f D (ft) V (f/s) R e/D Chart f

.030
8.39
Steps
 A type 3 Problem, to find D. e is given.
 Find V=Q/A.
 Use pipe friction equation to drive the equation of D in terms of f, as
hf is the difference of the elevation in two reservoir.
 Find R =DV/ν.
 Assume the value of f, if D is not known, a value near the middle of f
range on moody chart, such as 0.03 , makes good start.
 Each succeeding trial is started with the f value obtained from the
previous trial.
 Find D.

Try f D (ft) V (f/s) R e/D Chart f

.030
8.40
Steps
 A type 2 Problem, to find Q.
 Using Table 8.1, for galvanized iron : e=0.15 mm
 Find e/D
 If D is known , the fully rough pipe f value given on the right hand
side of moody chart or by Von Karman eqation , provides good
starting point. So find fmin=?
 Using pipe-friction equation derive V in terms of f.
 From table A.1 for water at 15 degree Celsius: ν=1.139 x 10-6 .
 Find Q.

Try f V (f/s) R=DV/ν Chart f

0.021
Problem: 8.15.3, 8.15.4
Water at 50°F flowing through 80 ft of 4 in diameter
average cast iron pipe causes a friction head loss of
0.27 ft. Find flow rate.

When gasoline with a kinematic viscosity of 5 x 10-7

m2/s flows in a 200 mm diameter smooth pipe, the
friction head loss is 0.43 m per 100m. Find flow rate.
Single-Pipe flow: Direct
Solutions
Engineers working on pipe flow problems have
developed some ingenious ways to obtain direct
solutions to
Avoid tedious trial and error
Get precise and reliable results
To avoid reading off a chart that may easily be
misread.
 Type – 1: Head Loss Problem
 Substituting “f” from Halands equation into pipe friction equation

 Type – 1: Discharge Problem

 From pipe friction equation find,
 Substitute and in Colebrook equation
 Re-arrange the equation for ‘v’ (for turbulent flow)
𝟏/ඥ𝒇
 Form an equation for “Q” (for turbulent flow)
𝑫𝑽
 The same substitution
𝑹=
𝝑 in Haaland equation does not produce desirable
𝟏/ඥ𝒇
results
 This explicit equation will save much repetitive work
 ‘R’ must confirmed to be in turbulent range before using the above
equations
 If ‘R’ in lamninar range use

𝑳𝑽
32 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟑𝟐 𝝑
𝒈𝑫𝟐
The Head-Loss Problem (Type-1)
Turbulent Flow, all pipes (Haaland):

-----------1

------------2

Eliminate f using equation 1 in 2

The Discharge Problem (Type-2)
Obtain single equation for velocity
Derive V from

Substitute the value of & in Colebrook equation for

turbulent flow as follows

The equation would be explicit in V

With the same substitution Haaland eq. does not produce such a
desirable result.
Derive the equation for Q also rather than V
From the equation derived previously, we can
calculate Q and V directly with basic scientific
calculator.
Reynolds Number should be determined to confirm
the flow is turbulent.
If the flow is laminar the friction headloss can be
determined from the following equation:
 Type – 3: Sizing Problem
 Assume dimensionless quantity ‘N’

𝟓
𝒆/𝑫
𝑵𝟏 = 𝒇𝑹 — (𝟏) 𝑵𝟐 =
𝑹
 Substitute ‘f’ from pipe-friction equation in (1)
 Substitute ‘R’ and ‘v’ in the equation
 Re-arrange the equation for ‘N’
 The equation is independent of unknown ‘D’.
 Transform relative roughness into another dimensionless quantity
 For laminar flow use ‘N1’ to eliminate ‘f’ from laminar equation
(f = 64/R)
 Re arrange the above equation to form ‘R’ in terms of N1 (for
laminar flow)

37
 For turbulent flow subsititute ‘f’ and e/D from (1) and (2) (in terms of N1 and
N2) in colebrook equation

𝟐.𝟓 𝟎.𝟓
𝑵𝟐 𝑹 𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝑹𝟏.𝟓
𝑹 = −𝟐𝑵 𝐥𝐨𝐠[
 Here R occurs in three places 𝟏
+
𝟑. 𝟕 𝑵𝟎.𝟓
𝟏
 Equation is strongly implicit in R
 N1 versus R plot collapses the various flow curves on the moody chart into a
very narrow band that is closely approximated by the formula

 Substituting above equation on right hand side

𝑹 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝑵𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟖
𝟏

 After confirming the flow whether laminar or turbulent

𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟖
𝟏 𝟒. 𝟐𝟗
 Re arranging 𝑹 𝟐.𝟓
= −𝟐𝑵𝟎.𝟓
𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠[ + 𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟖
𝟐. 𝟓𝟗 𝑵𝟏

𝑫𝑽 𝑫 𝟒𝑸 𝟒𝑸
𝑹= = ൬ ൰=
𝝑 𝝑 𝝅𝑫 𝝅𝝑𝑫
𝟒𝑸
𝑫=
𝝅𝝑𝑹
The Sizing Problem Type-3
N1=fR5
N2=(e/D)/R
Get R in terms of N1
8.49
Solve problem 8.39 without trial and error.
Steps:
1. This is type-3 problem
2. Find hf=Δz
3. Find
4. Find N2=πeν/(4Q)
5. If R (R=(N1/64)0.25 )<2000
6. Find R from the equation of Turbulent flow.
7. Find D=4Q/(πνR)
8.46
Solve problem 8.40 without trial and error.
Steps:
1. This is type 2 problem
2. Find V using the equation
3. Find R
4. Check the flow is laminar or turbulent
5. Use turbulent flow equation to find V
6. Find Q
Problem: 8.16.1, 8.16.2
Water at 50°F flowing through 80 ft of 4 in diameter
average cast iron pipe causes a friction head loss of
0.27 ft. Find flow rate.

When gasoline with a kinematic viscosity of 5 x 10-7

m2/s flows in a 200 mm diameter smooth pipe, the
friction head loss is 0.43 m per 100m. Find flow rate.
Empirical Equation for Single Pipe Flow
Engineers developed simple and convenient to use
design formulas, based on experiments and
observations but limited to specific fluids and
conditions

The equations in which the relations between the

primary variables of interest are based on
observations rather than theory, are known as
empirical equations
Empirical Equation for Single Pipe Flow
The best example of such an empirical equation is that of
HAZEN & WILLIAMS, applicable only to the flow of water in
pipes larger than 2in (50mm) and at velocity less than 10 fps
(3m/s), but widely used in in water works industry
BG units V = 1.318CHWRh0.63S0.54
SI units V = 0.849CHWRh0.63S0.54
Rh = Hydraulic Radius
S = Hf/L
CHW = 140 for very smooth straight pipe
CHW = 110 for new riveted steel and vitrified pipe
CHW = 90 or 80 for old and tuberculated pipe
Manning Formula
𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟔 𝟐𝟑 𝟏
𝑩𝑮 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑽 = 𝑹𝒉 𝑺𝟐
𝒏
𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
𝑺𝑰 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑽 = 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏 𝒉

Where,
n = roughness coefficient
0.008 --------- for the smoothest brass of plastic pipe
to
0.014 ---------- For average drainage tile or vitrified sewer pipe

0.021 – 0.030 for corrugated metal

upto
0.035 for tuberculated cast iron pipe
Manning Formula
The manning formula applies to about the same flow of
range as does the Hazen-Williams formula
The equation are explicit regardless of how they are re-
arranged or which variable is unknown
It can be solved directly
Engineers have developed nomographic charts and diagrams
for the applications of these equations.
For the design of water distributions system, lack of accuracy
that results from using these formulas is not important
As flow vary considerably through out the day
Manning Formula
8.18.1: When water flows at 2.5 cfs through a 20 in.
diameter pipeline, the head loss is 0.0004ft/ft. Find
the value of the Hazen-William Coefficient.

8.18.3: When water flows, at 70 cfs through a 5 ft

diameter pipeline, the head loss is 3.0 ft per mile. Find
the value of Manning’s n.
Non rigorous Head Loss Equations
Re-arranging empirical Hazen-Williams and Manning’s equations,
head loss equations can be formed.
It will remain explicit in all unknowns and so easy to solve
But less accurate than rigorous equations
Less accurate results are acceptable for the design of water
distribution networks
They could also serve as first estimates for repetitive rigorous
solution procedures
When f is constant (i.e. it does not vary with R), we can coniniently
represent head loss equation in the form
Hf = KQn
Where n is the constant exponent
Minor losses in Turbulent Flow
Losses due to local disturbances of flow in conduits such as changes
in cross section ,elbows, valves and similar items we call minor
losses.
If length of the pipe or channel is very short, these so called minor
losses could actually be major losses.
Whenever the average velocity of turbulent flow is altered either in
direction or in magnitude, large eddies or eddy currents are set up
causing a loss of energy in excess of pipe friction in that same length.
Head loss in decelerating (i.e. diverging) flow is much larger than
that in accelerating (i.e. converging) flow.
In addition, head loss generally increases with an increase in the
geometric distortion of flow.
Minor losses in Turbulent Flow
There are two ways we can represent such losses
We can express them as kV2/2g, where we must
determine the loss coefficient k for each case
Or we can represent them as being equivalent to a
certain length of straight pipe usually expressed in
terms of the number of pipe diameters N

𝑽𝟐 𝒇ሺ𝑵𝑫ሻ𝑽𝟐
𝒌 =
𝟐𝒈 𝑫 𝟐𝒈
𝒌 = 𝑵𝒇