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EEE Islamic University of Technology

 COURSE OUTLINE AND COURSE PLAN

Name of the teacher Md. Mousum Kabir Rabbi

Course title Ideal Transformer Theory and Operation

Lesson 8

Course code EEE 4206

Semester Winter

Academic year 2020

Credit Hours 3.00

EEE Islamic University of Technology

 COURSE CONTENT
* Ideal Transformer Action
* Assumptions for Ideal Transformer Operation
* Ideal Transformer Equations
* Ideal Transformer Equations-Impedance Transforms
* Ideal Transformer Calculations
* Non-Ideal Operation-No-load
*No-Load Circuit Model
* No-Load Transformer Example

EEE Islamic University of Technology

TECHNOLOGY AND PEDAGOGICAL
USE
1. Technologies:
A. Laptop
B. Tablet
C. Projector

2. Pedagogical
A. Lectures Method

EEE Islamic University of Technology

 Learning Objectives
5

After this presentation you will be able to:

 Explain how an ideal transformer operates

 Find the voltages and currents on both sides of an ideal
transformer using the turns ration
 Reflect impedances through a transformer
 Identify and compute the no-load currents that flow in a
non-ideal transformer
 Draw the no-load circuit model of a non-ideal transformer.

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Ideal Transformer Action
6

 d   d 
Lentz's Law e1   N1  m  e2  N 2  m 
 dt   dt 

Induced voltage
has opposite
polarity from
source

Principle: Stationary coils, time varying flux due to ac current flow. Flux
produced by one coil must link to other coil to induce voltage

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Ideal Transformer Action
7

Secondary
For sinusoidal sources Primary

Ep  4.44  N p  f   max

Es  4.44  N s  f   max

Dividing the above equations gives:

Ep 4.44  N p  f   max Ep N p Voltage relationship
 
Es 4.44  N s  f   max 
Es Ns for Ideal transformer

Where: E’p = voltage induced in the primary (V) Voltage ratio equals
the turns ratio
E’s = voltage induced in the secondary (V)
Np = turns in the primary coil
Ns = turns in the secondary coil
Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT
 Assumptions for Ideal Transformer
Operation
8

1) All flux produced in the primary coil links to the secondary coil
2) no core losses due to hysteresis or eddy currents
3) no power losses
4) permeability is infinite (no saturation no magnetizing f)
5) windings have zero resistance
6) no current required to magnetize the iron core

For ideal transformer

Ep N p Vp
a   Where: a = turns ratio
Es N s Vs Vp = nameplate rated primary voltage (higher V)
Vs = nameplate rated secondary voltage (lower V)
E’p = induced primary voltage
Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT
E’s = induced secondary voltage
 Ideal Transformer Equations
9

Voltage Ratio
Ep N p The turns ratio is a
a 
E s N s scalar. Introduces
E p  a  Es no phase shift

Apparent Power balance

E p  I p  E s  Is No power losses in
Sp  Ss idea transformer

Current Ratio
Current ratio is the
Ip 1 1 inverse of the voltage
 I p     Is ratio
Is a a
Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT
 Ideal Transformer Equations-Impedance Transforms
10

Impedances Reflected Through Ideal Transformers

Load impedance as
seen from primary
side of transformer Zin Zload
By Ohm’s Law
Ep Es
Zin  Zload 
Ip Is
Ep
Es  Is  a  I p
Write Es and Is in terms of primary values a Load impedance is
increased when
 Ep  viewed from
 
E s  a   E p  1   E p  1  primary side
      
Is a  I p  a  a  I p   I p  a 2 
   1
Zload  Zin   2   Zload  a 2  Zin
a 
Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT
 Ideal Transformer Equations-Impedance Transforms
11

Derive equation when impedances are connected to the primary side and
viewed from the secondary side.
E Write primary values in terms of
Zin  s
Is secondary and substitute in the
Zload equation.
Is
Zin E p  a  Es Ip 
Zload a
Ep a  Es a E 
Zload     a  E s     a 2   s 
Ep Ip Is  Is   Is 
Zload  a
Ip
Generally : Moving impedance from Z load
Z load  Zin  a 2
  Zin
secondary to primary multiply by a2. Moving a2
from primary to secondary, divide by a2.
Zp
Z p  Zs  a 2
 Zs
a2 Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT
 Ideal Transformer Calculations
12

Example 8-1: A 25 kVA, 7200 - 240/120 center-tap single phase transformer

operates at rated voltage. It supplies a single phase load that has an equivalent
impedance of 7.2 +36.9o ohms. Assume Ideal operation and find:
a.) turns ratio
b.) secondary current
c.) primary current
d.) load Z as seen from primary side
e.) PT, ST, QT, and Fp

120 V
7200 V
240 V
120 V

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Example 8-1 Solution (1)
13

a) For ideal transformers

Ans

b) Secondary current Use Ohm’s law to find Is

Ans

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Example 8-1 Solution (2)
14

c) Find the primary current

Ans

d) Find the input impedance as seen from the primary side

Ans
Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT
 Example 8-1 Solution (3)
15

e) Find the power and the power factor of the load

Using secondary side quantities Using primary side quantities

Ans
Ans

Power equal on both sides of ideal transformer

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Example 8-1 Solution (4)
16

Now find the power factor and the active and reactive powers

Ans Ans

Ans

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Ideal Transformer Calculations
17

Example 8-2: 300 kVA 2400-120, 60 Hz single phase

transformer operates at 2300 volts on the primary side. It supplies
115 kVA to a load that has a power factor of 0.723 lagging.
Assume idea operation and find:

a.) secondary voltage at operating voltage

b.) secondary current
c.) impedance of the load as seen on the secondary side
d.) impedance of the load as seen on the primary side

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Example 8-2 Solution (1)
18

a) Find secondary voltage at operating voltage

Use rated values to find turns ratio

Ans

b) Find secondary current at operating voltage

Power is equal on both

Ans
sides of ideal transformers

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Example 8-2 Solution (2)
19

c) Find load impedance seen on secondary side

Next find impedance angle

Angle between V and I.

Change sign for
impedance angle

Ans

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Example 8-2 Solution (3)
20

d) Find load impedance seen on primary side of transformer

Reflecting impedance from secondary to primary-multiply by a2.

Ans

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Non-Ideal Operation-No-load
21

Practical transformers draw current with no load connected to secondary

winding. Current caused by two non-ideal conditions: power losses and core
magnetization
Hysteresis losses - power losses due to repeated
Active power losses change in magnetic polarity. It takes more mmf
(NI) to demagnetize core in one direction than
the other.

Eddy currents - ac currents induced in iron core

due to changing magnetic field

Active power loss Control hysteresis losses - use alloy steels

Control designed for magnetic circuits
Control eddy current losses - laminate core,
insulateLesson
laminates
8_EEE 4206_IUT
 Non-Ideal Operation-No-load
22

A finite amount of current is necessary to drive mutual flux between coils.

Permeability is finite so reluctance is finite Some NI = F needed.

l NI
R m  fm = mutual flux R = reluctance
A R

N2 so core has inductance with associated

In terms of inductance L 
R inductive reactance

Define above as the magnetizing inductance with associated magnetizing

reactance Xm

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 No-Load Circuit Model
23

Io

VT
Rfe XM

VT = the primary voltage I0 = exciting current

Ife = core-loss component IM = magnetizing component

Rfe = resistance that represents the core losses

Xm = inductive reactance that represents the core magnetizing L
Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT
 No-Load Circuit Model
24

Model equation using phasors

VT VT
I fe  IM  I o  I fe  I M
R fe jX M

I o  I fe  j  I M Add current magnitudes at 90 degrees

No-load apparent power SM  VT  I o

V
2
V
2 VT
Model parameter formulas Pfe  T  R fe  T XM 
R fe Pfe IM
Core loss resistance Magnetizing reactance
Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT
 No-Load Transformer Example
25

Example 8-3: Computing the values of magnetizing reactance

and core loss resistance. A 50 kVA 7200-240 V, 60 Hz single
phase transformer is operating with no load. With the primary
connected to a 7200 V system, it draws 248 W and has a power
factor of 0.187 lagging. Find:

a) the exciting current and its components

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

 Example 8-3 Solution (1)
26

a) Find current Io

SM = magnetizing apparent power

Ans

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

27 Any question from your side ?

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT

28 End Lesson 8: Ideal Transformer Theory and Operation

THAN
K YOU

Lesson 8_EEE 4206_IUT