Hydrology and Water
Resources. Credit Hours
(2+1)
Aamar Danish
Lecturer, CED
Course
•Objectives
An understanding of physical principles and process
that govern water movement (specifically hydrological
cycle)
• Analysis of water and energy budget on earth
and its atmosphere
• Development of design flood hydrographs for
various durations
• Analysis of flood hydrographs through rives and
channels using flood routing.
• An understanding of Flood Frequency Analysis for peak flood
estimation
• An understanding of the use of Computer
Technology in Water Management.
Course
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Meteorology
3. Precipitation
4. Evaporation and Transpiration
5. Stream Flow
6. Runoff and Hydrographs
7. Stream Flow Routing
8. Flood Frequency Analysis
9.Introduction to Groundwater flow
10.Introduction to Modelling
Book
s
• Engineering Hydrology An Introduction
by Abdul Razzaq Ghumman.
• Surface Water Hydrology by N.M. Awan
• Engineering Hydrology by K. Subramanya
Assessmen
t
Assignments 10%
Quizze 10%
sMid‐Semester Exam 20%
Laboratory Work/Analysis
20%
End Semester 40%
Exam
• Attendance Requirement:
At least 75% for appearing in exam.
Condoned up to 10% by Dean (on vaid
grounds)
• Late Submission policybe
All assignments in before
allocated
must handed
submissions the
deadline. at a rate of Late
penalized 10% per
willday for 10 days. be
A
mark of 0%‐markwill be recorded if work is
submitted afterwards
Introductio
n
• Hydrology is the science of waters of the Earth.
• It is the science that describes and predicts the
occurrence, circulation and distribution of the
earth’s water.
• Two important foci are
– The global hydrologic cycle: Transfers of water between
the land, ocean and atmosphere.
– The land phase of the hydrologic cycle: The movement
of water on and under the land surface, physical and
chemical interactions with earth materials accompanying
that movement, and the biological processes that
conduct of affect that movement.
Engineering
Hydrology
• Estimation and analysis of water
resources and related hydrological quantities
• Investigation of problems
hydrological floods and like
drought, climate discharge. change and
• Strategies developed for
mitigation
Hydrology??
• Human systems are intimately shaped by th
availability, flows and quality of water.
– Agriculture
– Water Supply
– Hydropower Generation
– Ecological Protection
– Manufacturing
– Mining
– Recreation
Upper Indus
Basin
Snow cover in Upper Indus Basin
(2009)
• Uncertainty of precipitation and its seasonal
occurrence
• Seasonal flow of rivers
• Population growth and rising living standards
• Environmental impacts of
development projects
Importance in Civil
•
Engineering
Design of
hydraulics
structures
• Flood Control
• Irrigation
• Water supply
schemes
• Hydropower
• Reservoir
Operations
• Ground water
studies
Major
Aspects
• Data Collection
– Precipitation data
– Runoff/stream flow
data
– Topographic data
– Land use and soil data
– Groundwater data
• Data Analysis
– Consistency and homogeneity
– Missing records
– Interpolation/Extrapolation
– Trends/changes etc
– Diurnal/monthly/seasonal
variations
– Extremes etc
• Prediction
– Physical approach
– Deterministic
approach
– Stochastic approach
Catchment Area, Watershed or
Basin
• The area of land draining into a stream or
water course at a given location is known as
Catchment Area. It is also known as Drainage
Area or Drainage Basin as well as the
Watershed.
• A catchment area is separated from its
neighboring areas by a ridge called a divide.
The Hydrological
Cycle
• Atmospheric Phase of Hydrologic Cycle
Atmospheric phase of hydrologic cycle starts with the
formation of clouds after vaporization from water bodies
and ends after the occurrence of precipitation
• Land Phase of Hydrologic Cycle
Starts with precipitation
Infiltration and Interception
Depression storage in depressions on the
surface Detention Storage
Surface
Runoff
Baseflow
Total Runoff
Water Budget of a
Catchment
Inflow as precipitation ‘P’, the Surface Runoff ‘R’,
net gorund water flow out of the catchment ‘G’;
evaporation ‘E’, Transpiration ‘T’, and Change in
Storage ‘∆S . Water Budget for for a catchment for
a time interval
’ of ‘∆t’ is written as:
P‐R‐G‐E‐T = ∆S
All in the equation has dimensions
terms of
volume.
NOTE: All the terms can be expressed in terms of depth over
the catchment
A precipitation measuring 125 mm occurred
over a catchment. the
If interception, infiltration,
depression
losses are 50 mm, find direct
storage
runoff and
andtotal
runoff. other
Precipitation = 125 mm
P Losses L = 50 mm
Direct runoff = P – L = 125 – 50 = 75
(DRO) Total runoff mm
= DRO + L = 75+50 = 125
mm
Hydrologic Equation‐Principle
of Conservation
• The hydrologic equation states that for a given time
interval, difference of inflow to and outflow from a
system is equal to change of storage of the system.
• Mathematically
I‐O=
∆S/∆t Where,
I =
Rate of volume inflow (volume/time), measured in
m3/sec, ft3/sec, etc.
O =Rate of volume outflow (volume/time) measured in
m3/sec, ft3/sec, etc.
∆S/∆t = Rate of change of storage in time (‘S’
represents
storage and ‘t’ represents time i.e. Volume/time)
• Components of Inflow
• precipitation over the catchment and reservoir
• surface or groundwater flow from other
catchment areas.
• Components of Outflow
• surface evaporation
• groundwater seepage, and
• direct runoff i.e water taken for irrigation or to
spill ways for producing power
● If, for example, assuming inflow changes
linearly from ‘I1’ to ‘I2’ in time ‘∆t’, the
outflow changes linearly from ‘O1’ to ‘O2’
and storage changes from ‘S1’ to ‘S2’ in this
time, the equation can be written as:
( I1 + I2 ) / 2 ‐ ( O1 + O2 ) / 2 = ( S2 – S1 ) /
∆t
1. Flow of River Chenab at Marala Barrage varied
linearly from 34 m3/sec to 283 m3/sec in 10‐hours
during a flood. The flow variation at Khanki Barrage,
downstream of Marala was observed to be from 28
to 255 cumec during the above mentioned time.
Assuming no lateral flow in or out of the reach, find
out the rate of change of storage of the river reach
between Marala and Khanki. What is total change
in storage of the reach in this period?
2. Water at a constant rate of 370 cumecs
was observed to be entering into Tarbela
Reservoir in a certain season. If outflow
from the reservoir including infiltration and
evaporation
losses is 280 cumecs, find out the change in
storage of reservoir for 10 such days
• A part of catchment area of Hub River measuring 78
km² received 100 mm of rainfall in 3 hours due to
a storm. A drainage stream joins this part of
catchment to the Hub River. The stream was dry
before rainfall and there was flow in the stream for
a period of 2.5 days with an average discharge of
10 cumecs. After the storm runoff, the stream again
became dry. Find the losses, direct runoff and total
runoff in cumecs and Hectare‐meter.
• Assume that Mangla Reservoir has surface area
of 39 sq. km in the beginning of a certain month
and the water depth is 76.20 m for this whole
surface of the lake. Further assume that sides of
reservoir are nearly vertical. Now in that month
the reservoir received an average inflow of
226.50 cumec as a direct runoff, and direct
precipitation of 125 mm. The outflow from the
reservoir was 170 cumec and evaporation and
seepage losses were estimated to be 113 mm
during that month. Find out depth of reservoir
at the end of that month and total increase or
decrease in the storage
Problems 1‐4, Exercise Chapter 1, page
16.
Deadline: Monday, 25th September 2014
