Design of Column
BY
IR . BASIR NOORDIN
Learning outcomes
At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to:
a) Identify braced and unbraced column
b) Determine short or slender column
c) Design of column
d) Detailing of column
COLUMN (CL 3.8)
Introduction
Columns are structural members in buildings carrying roof and
floor loads to the foundations & therefore there are primarily
compression members.
Columns may carry axial load as well as moment due to the
continuity of the structure.
Column section is generally square or rectangular or circular,
however irregular shape of column used in special cases.
The size of a column and the position of the reinforcement in it
may be affected by the requirements for durability and fire
resistance, and these should be considered before the design is
commenced.
Column Definition
Clause 9.5 in EN1992-1-1 deals with columns for which the larger
dimension h is not greater than 4 times the smaller dimension b.
Minor Axis
(y-y)
Major Axis
(x-x)
h > 4b
COLUMN SECTIONS
Rectangular
Square
Circular
COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT LINKS REINFORCEMENT
Categories of Column
Braced Column Unbraced Column
Lateral loads are No shear wall or bracing.
resisted by shear walls Lateral loads are
or bracing. resisted directly by
columns in bending action.
Design axial forces and Design axial forces and
moments are due to moments are due to dead
dead load and load, imposed load and
imposed load only. lateral loads.
UNBRACED COLUMN
Vertical loading
Lateral/Horizontal
Loading (wind
loading)
Column
(vertical
element)
Beam
(horizontal
element)
Unbraced Column
Using
Cantilever Method
REFER ECS559
BMD DUE TO HORIZONTAL LOADING/WIND LOADING
BRACED COLUMN
Vertical load
Bracing type X
Column (vertical
element)
Beam (horizontal element)
Y
EXAMPLE 1 : TYPICAL FLOOR OF STRUCTURAL KEY PLAN
X
SHEAR WALL
1 2 3 4
Column braced in y direction and unbraced in x-direction
Y
EXAMPLE 2: TYPICAL FLOOR OF STRUCTURAL KEY PLAN
X
SHEAR WALL
1 2 3 4
Column braced in both direction
EXAMPLE 3 : TYPICAL FLOOR OF STRUCTURAL KEY PLAN Y
X
1 2 3 4
Column unbraced in both direction
EXAMPLE 4 : TYPICAL FLOOR OF STRUCTURAL KEY PLAN Y
X
SHEAR WALL
1 2 3 4
Column braced in both direction
Figure d: Hearst Tower, New York City
Figure a: Empire State Figure b: Citicorp Figure c: Mercantile Building, St Louis
Building Building, New York City
Examples: Braced Frame Buildings (Bracings)
Example: Braced Frames Building (Bracings)
Example: Braced Frame Building (Shear Wall)
Classification of Column
Generally, a column can be classified as two types:
a. Short Column (fail by concrete crushing)
b. Slender Column (fail by due to deflection).
The definition of ‘short’ and ‘slender’ is dependent on the
comparison between slenderness ratio, λ and threshold
slenderness, λlim.
If λ < λlim
Therefore column is short.
If λ > λlim
Therefore column is slender. Second-order
moments need to be considered
Slenderness of columns
20. A. B.C
lo lo λ lim
λ n
i I / Ac
i = radius of gyration about the axis considered
I = second moment of area of the section about the axis
Ac = cross-sectional area of column
Effective length, lo
fixed / fixed l o 0 .75 l
pinned / fixed l o 0 .9 l
partially fixed / fixed l o 0 .8 l
pinned / partially fixed l 0 .95 l
partially fixed / partially fixed l o 0 .85 l
pinned / pinned lo l rm = 1 rm = 0 rm = -1
C = 0.7 C = 1.7 C = 2.7
Effective Height, le
The following conditions apply to the value of C:
λlim can be varies depending either column is braced or unbraced, (refer
Reinforce Concrete Design-page 256)
Reinforcement Details
1. Longitudinal steel
- A min four (4) bars is required in a rectangular column and six (6) in a
circular column
12mm dia. Minimum
4 6
- The size of bars should not be less than 12mm
- The minimum area of steel is given by
The maximum area of steel, at laps is given by
Where As is the total area of longitudinal steel and Ac is the
cross-sectional area of the column.
Otherwise, in regions away from laps:
Links
Min size = ¼ x size of the largest compression bar but not
less than 6mm
Max. spacing should not exceed the lesser of size 20 x size of
the smallest compression bar or at least lateral dimension of
the column or 400mm. This spacing should be reduced by a
factor of 0.60.
(a) for a distance equal to the larger lateral dimension of
the column above and below a beam or slab, and
(b) at lapped joints of longitudinal bars > 14 mm diameter.
The spacing of the links should be calculated due to where
the direction of the longitudinal reinforcement changes.
Every longitudinal bar placed in a corner should be held by
transverse reinforcement.
No compression bar should be further than 150mm from a
restrained bar.
APLICATION OF AREA METHOD
IN
COLUMN DESIGN
EXAMPLE : GROUND & 1ST FLOOR PLAN Y
3. All column sizes to be 300mm x 300mm unless otherwise stated X
4. 115mm thick brickwall sitting along gridline A/1-4 and gridline 1/A - C
A
4m
5m
C
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
1 2 3 4
Notes :
1.All slab thickness to be 150mm thick unless otherwise stated. Finishes (tiles) = 0.6 KN/m², L.L = 1.5 KN/m²
2.All beam sizes to be 200mm x 400mm unless otherwise stated.
EXAMPLE : ROOF PLAN (FLAT ROOF) Y
4. All column sizes to be 300mm x 300mm unless otherwise stated X
4m
5m
C
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
2 3 4
Notes :1
1.All slab thickness to be 75mm thick unless otherwise stated. Ignore finishes.
2.All beam sizes to be 200mm x 400mm unless otherwise stated
3.Variable loads for roof = 0.75 KN/m²
Roof
3m
1st floor
3m
Ground floor
1m
Stump
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
1 2 3 4
TYPICAL ELEVATION
Application of area method in column design
Design at corner column. Column reference : A/1
Roof to 1st floor
Area = (3.6/2 x 4/2) = 3.6 m²
Axial load due to slab = 0.075 x 24 x 3.6 = 6.5 KN
Axial load due to variable load = 0.75 x 3.6 = 2.7 KN
Axial load due to beam selfweight = (0.2 x 0.4 x 24 x 3.6/2) + (0.2 x 0.4 x 24 x 4/2)
= 3.456 + 3.84
= 7.3 KN
Axial load due to column selfweight = 0.3 x 0.3 x 24 x 3.0 = 6.5 KN
Total axial load (NULS )= 1.35(6.5 + 7.3 + 6.5) + 1.5(2.7) = 27.4 + 4.1 = 31.5 KN
EXAMPLE OF AREA METHOD AT CORNER COLUMN (A/1) : ROOF PLAN (FLAT ROOF)Y
4. All column sizes to be 300mm x 300mm unless otherwise stated X
3.6/2
4/2
4m
5m
C
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
2 3 4
Notes :1
1.All slab thickness to be 75mm thick unless otherwise stated. Ignore finishes.
2.All beam sizes to be 200mm x 400mm unless otherwise stated
3.Variable loads for roof = 0.75 KN/m²
EXAMPLE OF AREA METHOD AT CORNER COLUMN A/1: GROUND & 1ST FLOOR PLAN
Y
3. All column sizes to be 300mm x 300mm unless otherwise stated X
4. 115mm thick brickwall sitting along gridline A/1-4 and gridline 1/A - C
A
4/2
4m
3.6/2
B
5m
C
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
1 2 3 4
Notes :
1.All slab thickness to be 150mm thick unless otherwise stated. Finishes (tiles) = 0.6 KN/m², L.L = 1.5 KN/m²
2.All beam sizes to be 200mm x 400mm unless otherwise stated.
Application of area method in column design
Design at corner column. Column reference : A/1
1st to Groundt floor
Area = (3.6/2 x 4/2) = 3.6 m²
Axial load due to slab = 0.15 x 24 x 3.6 = 13.0 KN
Axial load due to finishes = 0.6 x 3.6 = 2.2 KN
Axial load due to variable load = 1.5 x 3.6 = 5.4 KN
Axial load due to beam selfweight = (0.2 x 0.4 x 24 x 3.6/2) + (0.2 x 0.4 x 24 x 4/2)
= 3.456 + 3.84
= 7.3 KN
Axial load due to column selfweight = 0.3 x 0.3 x 24 x 3.0 = 6.5 KN
Axial load due to brickwall = (0.115 x 22 x 3.0 x 3.6/2) + (0.115 x 22 x 3.0 x 4/2)
= 13.7 + 15.2
= 28.9 KN
Total axial load (NULS )= 1.35(13 + 2.2 + 7.3 + 6.5 + 28.9) + 1.5(5.4)
= 78.2 + 8.1
= 86.3 KN
Application of area method in column design
Design at corner column. Column reference : A/1
Groundt floor to stump
Area = (3.6/2 x 4/2) = 3.6 m²
Axial load due to slab = 0.15 x 24 x 3.6 = 13.0 KN
Axial load due to finishes = 0.6 x 3.6 = 2.2 KN
Axial load due to variable load = 1.5 x 3.6 = 5.4 KN
Axial load due to beam selfweight = (0.2 x 0.4 x 24 x 3.6/2) + (0.2 x 0.4 x 24 x 4/2)
= 3.456 + 3.84
= 7.3 KN
Axial load due to column selfweight = 0.3 x 0.3 x 24 x 1.0 = 2.2KN
Axial load due to brickwall = (0.115 x 22 x 3.0 x 3.6/2) + (0.115 x 22 x 3.0 x 4/2)
= 13.7 + 15.2
= 28.9 KN
Total axial load (NULS )= 1.35(13 + 2.2 + 7.3 + 2.2 + 28.9) + 1.5(5.4)
= 72.4 + 8.1
= 80.5 KN
SUMMARY OF AXIAL LOADS
Total Axial load Cumulative Total Axial load
NULS (KN) NULS (KN)
Roof to
1st floor 31.5 31.5
1st to
Ground floor 86.3 86.3 + 31.5 = 117.8
Ground to
Stump 80.6 80.6 + 117.8 = 198.4
TOTAL CUMULATIVE AXIAL LOADS AT EACH FLOOR
Roof
3m
N = 31.5 KN
1 floor
st
3m
N = 117.8 KN
Ground floor
1m
N = 198.4 KN
Stump
3.6m 3.6m 3.6m
1 2 3 4
Design corner column at level ground to stump (Column ref : A/1)
APLICATION OF
BEAM REACTION METHOD
IN
COLUMN DESIGN
Application of beam reaction method in column design
Example : 1st floor to ground floor
load due to slab = 0.15 x 24 = 3.6 KN/m²
load due to finishes = 0.6 KN/m²
load due to variable load = 1.5 KN/m²
Design load, n = 1.35 (3.6 + 0.6) + 1.5 (1.5)
= 7.92 KN/m²
Beam A/1 – 4 (200mm x 400mm)
Load from slab = nl /3 = 7.92 x 3.6/3 = 9.5 KN/m
x
Load from beam s/w = 1.35 x 0.2 x 0.4 x 24 = 2.6 KN/m
Load from brickwall = 1.35 x 0.115 x 22 x 3.0 = 10.2 KN/m
Total UDL acting on beam A/1-4 = 9.5 + 2.6 + 10.2
= 22.3 KN/m
Using Table 5.12, shear , V at gridline A/1,
V = 0.45 x 22.3 x 3.6 = 36 KN
Beam 1/A– C (200mm x 400mm)
Design load, n = 7.92 KN/m²
Load from slab to beam 1/ A-B, = W = 7.92 x 3.6/6(3 – (3.6/4)²)
= 10.4 KN/m
Load from slab to beam 1/B-C = w = 7.92 x 3.6/6(3 – (3.6/5)²)
= 11.8 KN/m
Load from beam s/w = 1.35 x 0.2 x 0.4 x 24 = 2.6 KN/m
Load from brickwall = 1.35 x 0.115 x 22 x 3.0 = 10.2 KN/m
UDL beam1/A-B = 10.4 + 2.6 + 10.2 = 23.2 KN/m
UDL beam 1/B-C = 11.8 + 2.6 + 10.2 = 24.6 KN/m
Using moment distribution method for beam 1/A-C
23.2 KN/m 24.6 KN/m
4m 5m
A B C
Fixed end moment
MAB = - 23.2 x 4²/12 = - 31 KNm, MBA = + 31
KNm
MBC = - 24.6 x 5²/12 = - 51 KNm, MCB = + 51 KNm
Stiffness factor
KAB = 1.0, KBA = ¾ x i/4/(i/4 + i/5) = 0.42
KBC = 1 - 0.42 = 0.58, KCB = 1.0
Moment Distribution Method
A B B C
SF 1.0 0.42 0.58 1.0
FEM -31 +31 -51 +51
BAL +31 +8.4 +11.6 -51
CO +15.5 -25.5
BAL +4.2 +5.8
FM 0 + 59 - 59 0
Calculate shear force based on Final Moment
23.2 KN/m + 59 KNm
4m
A B1
∑MB1 = 0, VA x 4 + 59 – 23.2 x 4 x 2 = 0
4VA + 59 – 185.6 = 0
4VA - 126.6 = 0
VA = + 31.65 KN
Total reaction action at gridline A/1 (beam A/1-4 & beam 1/A – C)
= 31.65 + 36 = 67.8 KN
Axial load due to column selfweight =1.35 x0.3 x 0.3 x 24 x 3.0 = 8.7KN
Total axial load, NULS (from 1st floor to ground )= 67.8 + 8.7 = 77 KN
(using beam reaction method)
Total axial load,NULS (from 1st to ground) = 86 KN ( from area method)
-only 10% over estimated
Check Slenderness of columns
(Proposed column size = 300mm x 300mm)
lo lo Fixed/fixed at both end,
λ
I / Ac
Effective length, Lo = 0.75l
i = 0.75 x 1.0
i = radius of gyration about the axis considered = 0.75 m
I = second moment of area of the section about the axis
Ac = cross-sectional area of column
Radius of gyration, i = 300/3.464
= 86.6 mm
Effective length, lo
fixed / fixed l o 0 .75 l
pinned / fixed l o 0 .9 l λ = 0.75 x 1000/86.6 = 8.7
partially fixed / fixed l o 0 .8 l
pinned / partially fixed l 0 .95 l
partially fixed / partially fixed l o 0 .85 l
pinned / pinned lo l
n = 198.4 x 1000/(300 x 300 x 0.567 x 30)
20. A. B.C = 198400/1530900
λ lim = 0.13
n
λlim = 20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 0.7/ 0.13
= 10.78/0.36
= 29.9
λactual (8.7) < λlim(29.9)
Therefore column is short
rm = 1 rm = 0 rm = -1
C = 0.7 C = 1.7 C = 2.7
DESIGN AS A SHORT COLUMN WITH MINIMUM MOMENT
a minimum eccentricity, e0, equal to h/30, but not less than 20 mm
where h is the depth of the section.
Column size : 300mm x 300mm
Concrete gred : 30N/mm², Axial load, N = 198.4 KN
Steel strength : 500 N/mm²
Concrete cover : 30mm
Minimum eccentricity = h/30 = 300/30 = 10mm < 20mm
Use 20mm (eo) eccentricity to calculate minimum moment.
Minimum moment = eoN
= 20mm x 198.4 KN
= 4 KNm.
N/bhfck = 198.4 x 1000/(300 x 300 x 30) = 0.1
M/bh²fck = 4 x 10³ x 10³/(300 x 300² x 30) = 0.005
d/h = (300 – 30 – 8 – 12/2 )/300 = 256/300 = 0.85
Asfyk/bhfck = 0.1
As = 0.1 x 300 x 300 x 30/500 = 540mm²
Provide 4H16 (As = 804 mm²)
Minimum % of steel = 0.002 Ac Minimum % of steel
= 0.002 x 300 x 300
= 180 mm²
Maximum % of steel = 0.04Ac
Maximum % of steel
= 0.04 x 300 x 300
= 3600 mm²
Minimum % of steel = 0.1N/0.87fyk
= 0.1 x 198.4 x 1000/(0.87x500)
= 46mm²
Therefore steel provided 4H16 (As = 804mm²) is sufficient
Links :
Diameter of links is the greater of:
i. 6 mm
ii. Ø/4 = 16/4 = 4 mm
Spacing of links should not exceed the lesser of :
i. 20Ø = 20 x 16 = 320 mm
ii. Least dimension of column = 300 mm
iii. 400 mm
Therefore, provide H8 at 300 mm centres.
300 mm H8 – 300 c/c
2H16
300mm
2H16
