HELLO

MGA
KAMAG
ARAL!!
 KNOW
Game for today:

YOUR
ROLE
FILIPINO VALUE
SYSTEM
 F. LANDA JOCANO
Identified two models of the Filipino
MODELS OF Value System as:
FILIPINO 1. Exogenous Model or The Foreign
VALUES Model; and
2. Indigenous Model or The Traditional
Model.

5
 Filipino Value in a fourfold Sense:
1. Although mankind shares universal human values, it is obvious that
certain values take on for us a distinctively Filipino flavor. The Greek
ideal of moderation or ‘meden agan’, the Roman in ‘medio stat virtus’,
the Confucian and Buddhist “doctrine of the middle”, find their Filipino
equivalent in ‘hindi labis, hindi kulang, katamtaman lang.’
2. When we speak of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of
these Filipino Values are absent in the value systems of other
peoples cultures.
3. Universal human values in a Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio-
economic, political, moral and religious) take on distinctive set of
Filipino meanings and motivations.

6
 Filipino Value in a fourfold Sense:
4. The Filipino Concept of justice has evolved from inequality to equality,
and to human dignity; from the tribe, to the family, and to the nation.
Filipino consciousness of these different values varies at different periods
of our history. It is only n the last two decades that the Filipino people
have become more conscious of overpopulation and family planning
environmental pollution (Kawasaki sintering plant) and wildlife
conservation (Calauit Island), and the violation of human rights (Martial
Law), active non-violence and People Power (1986 non-violent
Revolution).

7
Generally, there are Six Types of Value
System:

THEORETICAL SOCIAL

ECONOMIC POLITICAL

AESTHETIC RELIGIOUS
THEORETICAL “
- Places high importance on
discovery of truth through a critical
and rational approach.

9
ECONOMIC “
- Emphasizes on the useful and
practical form of values.

10
AESTHETIC “
- Places highest value on form and
harmony.

11
SOCIAL “
- Highest value is given to love of
people.

12
POLITICAL “
- Emphasizes on acquisition of
power and influence.

13
RELIGIOUS “
- Concerned with unity of
experience and understanding of
cosmos as a whole.

14
 1. Hospitable to their guests and kind to
other people.
FILIPINO 2. The Filipino Children are very respectful
CULTURAL to elders especially their parent. They take
VALUES: their hand and hit it gently in their
(The Filipinos foreheads. They do this every time they
have different meet an elder or a sign of respecting them.
kinds of values, 3. Many Filipino cultural values reflect the
such as): desire to be together as a group
Examples: pakikisama, utang na loob.

15
 4. Filipinos believe strongly n saving face.
This is why, in response to an invitation,
FILIPINO when a Filipino says yes, it might mean “yes”,
but could also mean “maybe”, or even “I don’t
CULTURAL know.” It is often difficult for Filipinos to bring
VALUES: themselves to say no, and it is a good idea to
(The Filipinos confirm a dinner invitation several times to
have different ensure that they did not say yes because they
kinds of values, could not find a proper way to say no.
such as):
Examples for saving face are:
a) Amor propio – it means self respect;
b) Hiya – it means shame.
16
 5. Another value that is common in
Philippine culture is bahala na – meaning
FILIPINO literally leaving things to God.
CULTURAL It indicates the Filipino’s Fatalistic view of life,
and is a way of coping with conflicts that can
VALUES: result from tight kinship within groups. By
(The Filipinos adopting this attitude, one lets the circumstance
have different take care itself.
kinds of values,
such as):

17
 1. Irrationalism.
2. Social Belongingness.
This refers to a certain
Filipinos want to be
superstitious beliefs of
GENERALLY, accepted by the group or
Filipinos that still to the community, so,
COMMON practiced up to now. sometimes, Filipinos are
FILIPINO People still believed in doing things just to please
CULTURAL gods of the nature and somebody. We are not true
VALUES ARE: spirits and offer them to ourselves. Sometimes
we avoided to be franked
foods and placate the
to others just not hurt
spirits to heal the illness
others feelings, because
and provide them a we are so sensitive.
good harvest.
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 3. Close family ties.
The family is the most 4. Sense of debt gratitude.
important in our life. We
It is the ‘utang na loob’. We
are totally dependent are obliged to do something
GENERALLY, with our family. We are in return for what others do
COMMON doing things for the for us. We are very
FILIPINO common good or for the particular in stressing this
benefits of the family. owing debt of gratitude, that
CULTURAL is why we are always
Children should obey
VALUES ARE: their parent because if expecting for repayment.
This value has been taken
they will defy parental
advantage by others
advices, it will bring especially the politicians.
misfortune or their life
becomes tragic.
19
 6. Personal Improvement.
Most Filipinos are aiming the
raise their family in standard
living. We believed that we
5. Emphasis on will obtain success only if we
will finish our education.
authority.
GENERALLY, Education has played a
COMMON we give more emphasis major role in obtaining
FILIPINO to what the person is. success that is why parents
The status of the would sacrifice themselves
CULTURAL just to send their children to
person depends on the
VALUES ARE: wealth and acquisition school. In return, older
brother and sister would
of the land.
help their younger ones to
go to school and would not
get married until they help
their parents.
20
 9. The power of the
eyebrows.
10. Ningas-kugon.
In American Culture,
GENERALLY, the eyebrows usually “Flaming Cogon Grass”,
COMMON convey emotion by a
quickly going up in flames,
refers to the Filipino cultural
FILIPINO variety of facial
trait of very enthusiastically
CULTURAL expressions. In Filipino losing enthusiasm soon
VALUES ARE: culture, raising your after.
eyebrows a positive
affirmation. It can also
be a sign of farewell.

21
 CATEGORIES OF
FILIPINO VALUES

22
 A.‘ibang tao’ or outsider
B. ‘Hindi ibang’ tao or one
There are five domains: of us
1. Civility (pakikitungo)
There are three domains:
2. Act of mixing
1. Act of mutual trust
(pakikisalamuha)
A. CORE VALUE (pakikipagpalagayang-
OR ‘KAPWA’ 3. Act of joining loob)
(togetherness) (pakikilahok)
2. Act of joining others
4. Being united with the (pakikisangkot)
group (pakikisama);
3. Being one with others
and
(pakikipagkaisa)
5. Conformity
()pakikibagay

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 Shared inner Perception
(pakiramdam)

B. PIVOTAL Filipinos use damdam,

INTERPERSONAL or the inner perception
VALUE
of others’ emotions, as a
basic tool to guide his
dealings with othe r
people.

24
 Shared humanity
(kagandahang-loob)

This refers to being able

to help other people dire
C. LINKING SOCIO-
need due to a
PERSONAL VALUE
perception of being
together as a part of
one Filipino humanity.

25
 Shame (Hiya)
- according to the western
psychologists, hiya is - when it is needed or
actually a “Sense of wanted it is pakikisama
Propriety”, (sense of good and pakikipagkapwa ( SIR
D. ACCOMMODATIVE conduct or behavior) or Smooth interpersonal
SURFACE VALUES relationship). This attitude
is primarily guided by
- the norm of recipricity or conformity with the
utang na loob Filipinos are majority.
expected by their
neighbors to return favors
whether it is asked for or
not.
26
 - this actually describes - Lakas ng loob, this
the Filipino way of life, in attitude is characterized by
which he is determined to being courageous in the
E. CONFRONTIVE
do his best, hence, the midst of the problems and
SURFACE VALUES
(Bahala na or Fatalistic term bahala na, which uncertatinties
Passiveness) actually came from the
phrase “Bathalan na”, - Pakikibaka, in English it
which means I will do my means Concurrent
best, let God take care of Clashes.
the rest.

27
FILIPINO SOCIETY
AND CULTURE
 - concern for the
extended family is seen
in the patronage
provided to family
- the family is the center members when they
of the social structure and seek employment.
it includes the nuclear
family, aunts, uncles,
A. FILIPINO grandparents, cousins and
- it is common for
members of the same
FAMILY honorary relations such as
family to work for the
godparents, sponsors, and
VALUES close family friends. same company.

- people get strength and - in fact, many

stability from their family. collective bargaining
As such, many children agreements state that
have several godparents.
preferential hiring will
be given to family
members. 29
 - shame is a motivating
factor behind behavior. - one indication of this
might be a willingness to
- it is a sense of social spend more than they can
propriety and conforming afford on a party rather
B. FILIPINO to societal norms of than be shamed by their
CONCEPT OF behavior. economic circumstances.

SHAME - Filipinos believe they - if someone is publicly

must live up to the embarrassed, criticized or
accepted standards of does not live up to
behavior and if they fail to expectations, they feel
do so they bring shame shame and lose self-
not only upon themselves, esteem.
but also upon their family.
30
ETIQUTTE AND
CUSTOMS

31
 - Initial greetings are
formal and follow a set
protocol greeting the
eldest or most important
person first. - use academic,
A. MEETING professional or honorific
ETIQUETTE - a handshake, with a titles and the person’s
welcoming smile, is the surname until you are
standard greeting. invited to use their first
name, or even more
- close female friends frequently, their nickname.
may hug and/or kiss when
they meet.

32
 - if you are invited to a
Filipino home for dinner,
bring sweets or flowers to
the hosts.

- if you give flowers, avoid - wrap gifts elegantly as

B. GIFT chrysanthemums and presentation is important.
There are no color
GIVING white lilies.
restrictions as to wrapping
ETIQUETTE - you may send a fruit paper.
basket after the event as a
thank you but not before - gifts are not opened
or at the event, as it could when received.
be interpreted as meaning
you do not think that the
host will provide sufficient
hospitality.
 - it is best to arrive 15-30
minutes later than invited
for a large party.
C. DINING - compliment the hostess
on the house.
ETIQUETTE - never refer to your hosts
(if you are invited wife as the hostess. This
has a different meaning in - send a handwritten
to a Filipino’s the Philippines. thank you note to the
House) hosts in the week
- Dress well. following the dinner or
Appearances matter and party. It shows you have
you will be judged on how class.
you dress.
 - wait to be asked several
times before moving into
the dining room or helping - a fork and spoon are the
yourself to food. typical eating utensils.

- wait to be told where to - hold the fork in the left

D. TABLE sit. There may be a hand and use it to guide
seating plan. food to the spoon in your
MANNERS right hand.
- do not start eating until
the host invites you to do - whether you should
so. leave some food on your
plate or finish everything
- meals are often served is a matter of personal
family-style or are buffets preference rather than
where you serve yourself. culture-driven.
 DISCUSSION QUESTION:

Questions from Mr. Kelvin Questions from Mr. Ronnell

De Mesa Bandola
1. How Filipino values 1. What is the connection
differ form others? of Filipino Values
2. Can we say that these system to social work?
values have an impact 2. What are the best
values needed to be a
on what and who we
good social worker?
are right now?

36
KNOWLEDGE
OF
FOUNDATION
OF SOCIAL
WORK
 ALFRED KADUSHIN
Like all other professions, - stated that the “knowledge
social work derives knowledge from base of social work is a
a variety of sources, i.e., borrowed comprehensive topic which
knowledge generated and tested in encompasses the facts and theories,
the basic disciplines, knowledge skills and attitudes, necessary for
from other professions and effective, efficient practice”.
knowledge from the profession
itself.
 HUMAN
BEHAVIOR AND
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT

VVI. Philippine Social Welfare

Agencies and Institutions
 - The focus is on knowledge
- Designed to help students
about the individual as bio-
understand “the individual,
psycho-social being, the
group, organizational,
interaction between him or her
institutional and cultural
and the physical, social, cultural,
contexts within which human
political and economic force in
behaviour is expressed and by
the environment which affect or
which is significantly
influence the behaviour.
influenced.
 • “the individual as psychosocial
AIMS: being”, means that there are
• Enhance or further the students’ inseparable interacting forces –
understanding of individual and biological, psychological and
collective behaviour. social that influence human
behaviour and personality.
• Develop the students’ capacity to
capacity to critically assess the • “biological component”, includes
state of theory and knowledge the individual’s state of health and
about man and his social nutrition, genetics and natural
environment, as it relates to social physical endowments at birth,
work practice and to begin to see normal biological growth and
their role in contributing its development, as well as deviations
development. from normal functioning.
- the psychological component is concerned with the individuals
personality, comprising what is commonly termed “inner states”, which
has three aspects:
1. Cognitive (perceptual or intellectual);
2. Emotional (feelings); and
3. Conative (striving, tendency to do actively or purposely)
 SOCIAL
WELFARE
POLICY,
PROGRAMS AND
SERVICES
 - Concerned with the organization, - the objective is to help the
administration, and operation of student acquire a knowledge of
social welfare programs and the general policies, conditions,
services which are established in legislation, institutions,
society in order to meet human
programs and a broad range of
needs and problems, the
services which are relevant to
development of these policies and
programs, the interrelationship of Social Welfare in present day
the agencies which undertake society
them, and nature of needs being
served by these programs.
THE AIMS FOR
STUDYING SWPPS

“
ARE:
a) To help in the preparation of
competent practitioners who will
be engaged in the provision of
social and in efforts toward
necessary social change.
b) To help students acquire an
ability for critical analysis of the
problems and conditions in
society and its major institutions.
THE AIMS FOR
STUDYING SWPPS

“
ARE:
c) To help in the students’
development of a commitment to
the profession and its responsibility
for the promotion of social welfare
goals and services, and the
prevention of social problems.
The following is an outline III. Concept of Problem
of the specific knowledge
A. Problem as a manifest nee
for this area.:
I. Framework – society responds to a B. Problem as person - centred
variety of human needs and C. Problem as universal yet singular
problems through the institution of
social welfare. D. Problem as cause and
consequence
II. Concept of Needs
E. Problem as institutional lack of
A. Universality of needs: dysfunction in society’s
• Material needs (food, clothes, water, institutions for meeting needs
shelter) F. Problem challenge and
B. Non-Material needs (spiritual. opportunity
Aesthetic, need for affection,
acceptance and such)
The following is an outline
of the specific knowledge
for this area.:

G. Problem as requiring a solution in

the form of social welfare services.

H. Problem as requiring social work

help
The following is an outline
of the specific knowledge
for this area.:
IV. Concept of Provision (how society meets the needs of its members)
A. Individual and group efforts
B. Major societal institutions and their roles and responsibilities for meeting
human needs.
1. The family, Church, government, economic institutions (labour unions,
cooperatives, occupations)
2. the forces that bring about change in this institution.
C. The social agency as provision for helping people with their problems; as
an integral part of a community’s institutionalized network of services to the
people.
The following is an outline
of the specific knowledge
for this area.:
V. Motivations for Social Welfare Programs and Services.
A. Social Justice
B. Social control
C. Economic Development
D. Human values and norms which shape policies and
services (personal worth, social responsibility, self
determination, personality development, etc.)
The following is an outline
of the specific knowledge
for this area.:
VI. Social Welfare Programs and Services
A. Historical and current forces which contribute to social problems
and generate social policies (historical perspectives relating to the
history of social welfare abroad and in the Philippines; current
worldwide, regional and local forces)
B. Source of policies (the constitution, legislation, locally organized
policy-making bodies, e.g., agency boards); their auspices
(government, private, religious)
C. Policy-formulation, implementation, and improvement: inter-
related processes; competencies and skills needed for effective
participation.
The following is an outline
of the specific knowledge
for this area.:
D. Ways in which society organizes to handle welfare programs to
respond to different kinds of problems.
E. Ways and means by which policies are translated into programs
and services: the process of creating necessary structures; the
administrations of these programs and services (including financing,
staffing, coordinating, reporting, etc.); the system of delivering
Services.
F. Setting priority targets for investment of resources
G. Assessing and evaluating effectiveness as well as deficiencies or
inadequacies of programs and services in meeting needs and
problems.
The following is an outline
of the specific knowledge
for this area.:
VII. Philippine Social Welfare Agencies and institutions
A. The broad field of social welfare and its various
instrumentalities: social services in education, health, housing, man
power development, community development and population and
family planning, labour, etc..
B. Field/Settings for social work practice.
1. Traditional fields (child and family welfare, medical settings,
corrections, public assistance, community centres, etc.)
2. New and emerging fields (man power development, human
settlements, woman and child development, etc.)
The following is an outline
of the specific knowledge
for this area.:
C. The nature of human needs and served by the different social
welfare agencies and institutions (whether they employ social
workers or not).
D. The organization and operation of programs and services in social
work-oriented agencies and organizations (focus on the fields of
social work), the interrelationships of these agencies, the historical
developments of these programs.
E. The characteristics and structure of social work as a profession,
particularly past, current and emerging roles and contributions of
social work professionals in the development and implementation of
social welfare policies and programs.
SOCIAL WORK
METHOD
 “
- Generally method implies to
systematic way of doing
something.
- in social work, “method” is
understood as the systematic
and planned way of helping the
people.
 “
- the main concern of the social work
is to solve psycho-social problems of
individuals, groups and communities
through the conscious application of
knowledge in methods, tools,
techniques and skills of social work.
- the social worker has to be
equipped with all the necessary
methods of social work that ease his
work to help the people in solving their
own problems.
 “
Social Work as a professional practice
mainly uses the following methods
while accomplishing its objectives:
1. Social Case Work
2. Social Group Work
3. Community organization
4. Social Work Research
5. Social Welfare Administration
6. Social Action
FAIR PLAY
 • Fair competition, respect,
FAIR PLAY
friendship, team spirit,
• Fair play is a complex concept equality, sport without doping,
that comprises and embodies a respect for written and
number of fundamental values unwritten rules such as
that are not only integral to sport integrity, solidarity, tolerance,
but relevant in everyday life. care, excellence and joy, are
the building blocks of fair play
that can be experienced and
learnt both on and off the field.
 What do the
fundamental
values of fair play
mean?
What do the fundamental values of fair play mean?

• To enjoy the fruits of

success, it is not enough
to win. Triumph must be
measured by absolute fair
means, honesty and just
play.
• Respect • Fair competition
- For every athlete, playing by the - To enjoy the fruits of success, it is
written rules is mandatory, and not enough to win. Triumph must be
respecting the unwritten ones is a measured by absolute fair means,
must. Fair play requires unconditional honesty and just play.
respect for opponents, fellow players, • Team spirit
referees and fans.
- Individuals can be strong on their
• Friendship own, but they are much stronger in a
- Rivalry on the field does not team. Sharing the moment of victory
exclude friendship. On the contrary, with your team is the ultimate
friendship could grow from noble pleasure.
rivalries.
• Equality • Integrity
- Competing on equal terms is - Being honest and having strong
essential in sport. Otherwise, moral principles are essential to fair
performance cannot be measured play. Practicing sport within a sound
properly. ethical framework is vitally important
• Sport without doping if you aim to be a true champion.
- Fair play means not cheating by • Solidarity
taking drugs or doping. Anyone who - It is important to support each other
does this ruins the game for everyone and share feelings, aims and dreams.
else. Mutual support brings mutual success
on and off the field.
• Tolerance • Excellence
- The willingness to accept behavior - Sport engages us in a collective effort to
or decisions you may not agree with pursue human excellence.
develops your self-control. Ultimately, • Joy
that could be the deciding factor when - Pierre de Coubertin, the father of the
it comes to winning or losing. modern Olympic Games said: "The
important thing in life is not the triumph,
• Care
but the fight. The essential thing is not to
- True champions care about each have won, but to have fought well."
other as they are well aware that they Competition can be intense, but you should
could not be where they are without always first look for joy when practicing
having been cared for by others. any sports. You should never forget about
the play even in the heat of the fight.
 ⬗ DISCUSSION QUESTION:

Questions from Ms. Maria Questions from Ms. Irish

Elizabeth Ponce Dianne Agustin
1. What are the 1. Where can a social
methods of social worker work and what
work? is/are the specific job of
2. What is HBSE? a social worker?
2. How do the
fundamental values of
fair play contribute to
the betterment of the
world?
 PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY METHODS
PRIMARY METHOD – is a method which it is directly applied in field
situation among the people to solve their problem.

1. Social Case Work – deals with individual 3. Community organization – process which
problem through one-to-one relationship efforts are directed toward meeting the
which is guided by professional knowledge community needs by organizing human and
of social case worker. material resources of the community.
2. Social Group Work – process in which
individuals in a social group are helped by a
professional qualified worker who guides
their interaction through planned programme
activities so that they may be able to relate
themselves.
SECONDARY METHOD – involved indirectly by some specialized
agencies or set of organized people.
1. Social Welfare Administration – process
3. Social Action – used to bring about desirable
through which social policy is transformed
changes in the defective system for ensuring
into social service like developing programs,
social progress and to raise their voice against
mobilizing resources, recruiting and
undesirable practices which hampers
involving suitable personnel, etc.
development.
2. Social Work Research – made to find
answer to the existing and emerging
problems of social work so as to make them
use in the practical fields.
 ✘ DISCUSSION QUESTION:
Questions from Ms. Questions from Ms.
Givyneth Ainalyn Paquita Angelica Marie Hepe
1. Why does the social 1. Is these methods
worker uses method apply to all cases?
in helping people? 2. Does the secondary
2. What is the difference methods affects the
between the primary primary methods?
and the secondary
method?
OVERVIEW OF
GENERALIST
PRACTICE
✢ The conception of generalist ✢ Generalist social work
practice involves the use of
social work knowledge,
practitioners work with
professional values, and an individuals, families,
array of skills that can be groups, organizations,
adapted to work with diverse social policies, and
system of all sizes in a variety communities in a variety
of settings. Generalist of setting pursuit of social
practitioners are prepared to and economic justice.
employ critical thinking skills
Generalist practitioners
and roles employed through a
process of planned change to
view people and systems
intervene with individuals, from a strengths
families, groups, communities perspective in order to
and organizations and a recognize, support and
variety of social problems. build upon the innate
capabilities of all human
beings.
72
✢ They engage, assess, broker
services, advocate, counsel, ✢ Students educated for
educate and organize with and
generalist practice are
on behalf of individuals,
families, and collections of prepared to assist clients
people. Generalist practitioners from an ecological and
engage in community systems perspective, which
development, organizational locate the focus of work
development, and evaluation in within the person in the
order to ensure that services environment interaction.
are useful, effective, and Together these perspectives
ethical.
influence and inform the
elements of practice by
situating the difficulties
and remedies within the
nested systems.

73
 ✢ The public welfare worker in
a small country may be a
classic example of the
generalist. He or she knows
✢ The generalist social worker,
the equivalent of the general
the resources of the country,
practitioner in medicine, is is a acquainted with the key
characterized by wide people, and may have
repertoire of skills to deal with considerable influence to
basic conditions, backed up by accomplish service goals,
specialists to whom referrals including obtaining jobs,
are made. This role is a fitting different housing, or
one for the entry- level social
emergency food and clothing.
worker.

74
 ✢ They are capable of
conducting needs assessments
According to D. Brieland, and evaluating their own
L.B Costin, and C.R.
practice and the programs
Atherton the generalist:
with which they are
✢ The generalists operates within a associated.
system and person-in-
✢ The knowledge and skills of
environment framework
(sometimes referred as an the generalist are transferrable
ecological model). The generalist from one setting to another
expects that many problems will and from one problem to
require intervention with more another.
than one system and that single
explanations of problem
situations are frequently
unhelpful.

75
 The Baccalaureate
Program’s Director (BPD)

According to G. Hull:
✢ To promote human and social
✢ Generalist practitioners evaluate well-being, generalist
service outcomes in order to practitioners use a range of
continually improve the prevention and intervention
provision and quality of services methods in their practice with
most appropriate to client needs. individuals, families, groups,
organizations, and
communities.
✢ The generalist practitioner
identifies with the social work
profession and applies ethical
principles and critical
thinking in practice.

76
 ✢ DISCUSSION QUESTION:

Questions from Ms. Karen

Questions from Ms. Louise
Ticman
Alexandra Frank
1. Where do you think the
1. Where do you think the
field of social work is
field of social work is
heading in the next five
heading in the next five
years?
years?
2. What techniques should
2. What techniques should
we use to support more
we use to support more
the development of our
the development of our
society with the help of
society with the help of
social workers?
social workers?
SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
(NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL
WORKERS,NASW)
 Social Casework
✘ Consist of professional ✘ a process to help
applications of social individual
work ✘ Helping process (by
HH Perlman) has
five (5) different
elements of
components.
79
Person Problem
✘ Also known as client ✘ It is a situation which
exists anywhere,
✘ It can be anyone anytime and affects any
✘ Means special person person.
who has problems. ✘ It has 2 kinds the
intrapersonal and
interpersonal.

80
Intrapersonal Interpersonal
- related to one’s own ✘ Problem that
personality or self. affects other
people.

81
COMPONENTS OF
SOCIAL WORK
PRACTICE
PROBLEM
✘ Is the situation which disturbs ✘ Paul B. Horton says that
the normal social functioning of a problem is a situation
any individual from the approval which exists anywhere
culturally set norms.
anytime and affects any
✘ Problem arises from some need person. It creates
or accumulation of frustrations Hurdles in the life of a
or maladjustment, and
person.
sometimes all of these together.

83
 2 KINDS
OF PROBLEM
 INTRAPERSONAL: The dictionary
meaning of intrapersonal is “in mind, or
relating to internal aspects of a person
especially the emotions”.

• Intrapersonal is that problem which is

related to one’s own personality or self.
• It is the problem which does not affect other
people but the concerned person himself
alone.
 INTERPERSONAL: The dictionary
meaning of interpersonal is “between
persons, or something concerning or
involving the relationship between
people”.
• Interpersonal is that problem which affects
more than one person. It affects others as
well.
• Jealousy is an interpersonal problem, but
when responded, it becomes an interpersonal
problem.
TYPES OF PROBLEMS
 I. Physiological Problem:
Physiological problems are related to the
physique of the person i.e. the bodily
impaired functioning problems.

II. Economic Problem: Economically the

society is divided into three groups. Each of
them is further divided into three sub-groups;
Upper Class, Middle Class, Lower Class.5356
• Upper – Upper-Upper Middle-Upper
Lower-upper
• Middle - Upper-Middle Middle-
Middle Lower- Middle
• Lower - Upper-Lower Middle-Lower
Lower-Lower
But we divide them into two
groups only, namely; “haves”
and “have-nots”.
• Haves mean those people
who have chances for
development or getting to
be developed.
• Have - nots mean those
people who are deprived of
having the chances for
developing themselves or
who have not found the
chances for development.
 Economic problems are related
to the management of needs and
resources a person have. If a
person has managed his needs to
his resource, then he will be facing
no economic problem.
III. Psychological Problems:
• Psychology is the study of mind and
behaviour.
• It is the study of what we think and
what we do.
• Psychological problems occur when
a person is disturbed by some
external circumstances.
• Psychological problem is the
outcome of environment and
circumstances.
IV. Relationship Problems:
• Human being is a bio-psycho-social
entity.
• He is engaged in different
interpersonal relationships.
Sometimes there comes some
problem in maintaining these
relations which is caused by
misunderstandings,
miscommunication, differences, etc.
3. PLACE
• In social casework context, a place is
any agency which offers social
services.
• It is a particular kind of social
services agency in that it does not
deal with social problems at large
scale but the individual level
problems.
• Its purpose is to help those
individuals whose normal functioning
in daily life is disturbed.
• It can be person-to-person, person-to-
family, person-to-group and person-
to-situation relationships.
THERE ARE THREE
(3) KINDS OF
AGENCY:
GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY
• Government agencies are fully
financially supported by the
government.
• Its programs are planned and
implemented by the professionals of
social services.
• It has an accountability system.
Government agencies are held
accountable for their expenditures.
• Its staff and professionally skilled
persons are given jobs in government
agencies.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
• Non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) are fully financially
supported by the public donations.
• Its programs are planned and
implemented by the people who have
established by the NGO.
• It has no accountability for its funds
expenditures.
• Its staff includes more volunteers and
less paid employees.
SEMI-GOVERNMENT
ORGANIZATION
• Semi-government organizations are
stated by the people.
• The people realize a need for an
organizational effort to lead a
campaign against a social problem.
• It has an accountability system.
• Its staff includes more paid
employees and less volunteers.
4. PROCESS
• In the dictionary process is, “A series
of actions directed toward a specific
aim, or gradual change that leads
toward a particular result”.
• An organized (systematic and step-
by-step) method of helping people t
let them out of trouble.
• The idea of casework process stems
from a natural process in human
being, i.e., problem solving process.
• This process is concerned with two
kinds of problems; replacing
discomfort or dissatisfaction with
comfort or satisfaction, or/and
seeking to achieve greater or mor
satisfaction.
• The case work process always
requires the full involvement
and participation of the client
himself.
The process of case
work as given by
H.H Pearlman has
three phases;
I. STUDY
- the dictionary meaning of study
is “to learn about a particular
subject by reading and
researching”. Study in social case
work refers to the process of
collecting information regarding
the client and his problem.
• The first source of the
information is the client himself,
but when the client is unable to
give the information then the
caseworker turns over to the
secondary resources, which can
be his family, friends or
relatives.
II. DIAGNOSIS
- the dictionary meaning of
diagnosis is “the identifying of the
nature or cause of something,
especially a problem or fault”.
• After a complete a thorough study of
the client and his problem, the
worker then diagnose and asses the
problem. How the problems which
have been identified by the client
and his family are affecting the
client or his family, what is the
problem and what the client needs to
do
III. TREATMENT
- the dictionary meaning of
treatment is “the techniques or
actions customarily applied in a
specified situation”.
• The worker in this phase of the
process of social casework,
finds out different solutions of
the problem and provides the
alternative ways to client.
5. Professional Representative
• the professional representative in
casework is the person whose
services are hired by the social
services agency.
• He is there in the agency to help
the individuals, using his skills and
experiences out of the problem.
• Professional representative is
called “caseworker”.
• In Pakistan and other countries
of the world, a master in social
work degree is required for the
professional level worker.
 ✢ DISCUSSION QUESTION:

Questions from Ms. Maria

Questions from Ms. Jezel
Miyaka Siapno
Estil
1. Where can a social
1. What is Social Work
worker work?
Practice?
2. What is the process of
2. Who and what does a
the Social Case work?
social worker work
with?