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College of Health Science: Institute of Biomedical Sciences

This document provides an overview of clinical laboratory methods for nursing students, covering topics such as the history and classification of clinical laboratories, the role of laboratory services, and basic laboratory safety practices. It discusses how medical laboratory science involves disciplines like microbiology, hematology, and clinical chemistry. It also describes the four levels of laboratories based on biosafety from WHO and some common causes of laboratory accidents. The document emphasizes following standard practices like restricting access, decontaminating surfaces, and using proper protective equipment to minimize risks in the lab.

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Megbaru
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38 views27 pages

College of Health Science: Institute of Biomedical Sciences

This document provides an overview of clinical laboratory methods for nursing students, covering topics such as the history and classification of clinical laboratories, the role of laboratory services, and basic laboratory safety practices. It discusses how medical laboratory science involves disciplines like microbiology, hematology, and clinical chemistry. It also describes the four levels of laboratories based on biosafety from WHO and some common causes of laboratory accidents. The document emphasizes following standard practices like restricting access, decontaminating surfaces, and using proper protective equipment to minimize risks in the lab.

Uploaded by

Megbaru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

College of Health Science

Institute of Biomedical Sciences


Clinical Laboratory methods for Nursing
Regular students

Instructor: Megbaru Alemu (MSc)


1
Introduction
 Medical laboratory science is a complex field embracing
a number of different disciplines
 Microbiology
 Hematology
 Clinical Chemistry
 Urinalysis, Immunology, Serology,
Immunohematology and etc. 2
Introduction…
 Health care delivery system involves so many different
personnel and specialties
 Laboratory and diagnostic tests are tools-not therapeutic
by them selves
 pertinent history and physical examination
+
 Laboratory tests = confirm a diagnosis/valuable
information about a patient status & response to therapy
 In addition, laboratory findings are essential for
epidemiological surveillance and research purposes 3
History of clinical/health lab
 examination of body fluid around the era of Hippocrates
 In Ethiopia, Italians were the first to establish health
laboratory during ww II.
 Immediately after independence, British Scientists took
over health laboratory activity in Addis Ababa.
 Imperial Medical Research Institute
 they handed over the organization to French Team on
contractual basis
o the first well organized
 Laboratory Pasteur d’ Ethiopie
4
 Dev’t of rabies vaccine
History…..

 Meanwhile Ethiopian professionals took over the


responsibility

 Laboratory technician training program was launched at:

 Gondar Public Health College, Minilik II Hospital &


Jimma Hospital

5
Classification of clinical laboratories
 Laboratory is a place equipped with different instruments,
equipments and chemicals (reagents) etc…
o experimental works, research activities and investigative
procedures
 biological specimens (whole blood, serum, etc)

 WHO -four kinds of levels of laboratories based on their


biosafety
 Basic laboratory level I
 Basic laboratory level II
 Containment laboratory (Level III)
6
 Maximum containment laboratory
7
Classification…..

 Basic laboratory level I


 is the simplest kind
 adequate for work with organisms which have low
risk to lab personnel as well as to the members of the
community
 Risk Group I organisms
 E.g. food spoilage bacteria, common molds and yeasts 8
Classification…..
 Basic laboratory level II
 organisms that predispose to moderate risk to the
laboratory worker and a limited risk to the community.
 Risk Group II

 can cause serious human diseases


 not serious hazards (availability of effective preventive
measures and treatment)
 E.g. staphylococci, streptococci, entero bacteria
except Salmonella typhi and others
 clean, enough space, adequate sanitary facilities and
9
equipped with autoclave
Classification…
 Containment laboratory (Level III)
 more advanced & for work with infectious organisms
that present a high risk to the laboratory personnel
but a lower risk to the community.
 Risk Group III
 E.g. Tubercle bacilli, Salmonella typhi, HIV, Yersina
 are easily transmitted

 a separate room with controlled access by authorized


staff
 It should be fitted with microbial safety cabinet.10
Classification…..
 Maximum containment laboratory
 is intended for work with viruses, which predispose
to a high risk for both laboratory personnel and the
community
 Risk Group IV

 E.g. Small pox, Ebola, influenza etc


 cause serious disease and readily transmitted from
on person to another
 a separate building with strictly controlled access
11
Role of clinical laboratory services
 clinical laboratory services play a pivotal role in
 promotion, curative and preventive aspects of a
nation’s health delivery system
 It gives a scientific foundation by providing accurate
information to:
 treat patients & monitor their response to Rx
 monitor dev’t and spread of infectious pathogens
 decide effective control measures against prevalent
disease
 decide health priorities and allocating resources 12
Role of clinical laboratory services
 Clinical lab method help to perform qualitative and
quantitative analysis of clinical specimens
 Role:
 Diagnosis
 screening
 Treatment and follow-up/Rx response
 Epidemic control
Role of clinical laboratory services
 Test selection
 Information
 Cost
 Material availability
 Experienced personnel
Without reliable laboratory services:
 The source of a disease may not be identified correctly

 Patients are less likely to receive the best possible care

 Resistance to essential drugs may develop and continue


to spread

 Epidemic diseases may not be identified on time and


with confidence
15
Basic Laboratory safety

1
Biosafety
Laboratory hazards
 The laboratory environment is a hazardous place to
work
 Chemicals
 Biologics
 Ionizing Radiation
 Physical (Instrumentation)
 Nearly every common laboratory technique, practice,
or procedure carries some risk of exposure or
17
mechanical injury.
Biosafety… .…
 Common causes of laboratory accidents:
 incomplete planning of the procedure
 misunderstanding of the potential hazards
 Haste/rush to complete a procedure or process
 use of damaged equipment or unlabelled or
mislabeled chemicals
 working alone
 etc

18
Biosafety… .…
 The chemicals are potentially hazardous substances
which may be
 Reactive
 Toxic
 Flammable
 Carcinogenic
 Radioactive

19
Most Frequent Lab Accidents
 Needle sticks/Cuts  Exothermic
reactions
 Back injuries
 Toxic fumes
 Explosions
 Mouth pipetting
 Fires
 Animal
bites/Scratches 20
According to recent studies:
A. Unsafe Laboratory B. Safe Workers
Workers  know and adhere to
 have low opinion of safety regulations
safety programs  have “defensive” work
 take excessive risks habits
 work too fast  recognize potentially
 less aware of hazardous situations
infectious risks  women and older
 young males (17-24 employees (45-64 yrs of
yrs of age) age)
21
Standard laboratory practices
 Restrict or limit access when working
 Minimize splashes and aerosols
 Decontaminate work surfaces daily
 Decontaminate wastes
 autoclave, chemical disinfection or
incinerator
 Maintain insect & rodent control program

22
Standard laboratory practices…

Eating, drinking
,
smoking, handl
ing
contact lenses, a
nd
applying cosme
tics are
not permitted in
work
areas.

is prohibi
te
Mouth pip d
g ettin

23
24
Use
mechanical
Wa s h ha
pipetting
n ds
devices
Standard laboratory practices…
Standard laboratory practices…
Protective cloth
ing
 Lab coat
 Gloves

Person
al prote
 Fac ctive eq
e protec uipmen
 Eye t i on t
protecti
on
25
Safety signs and symbols

26
Safety signs and symbols

27

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