Harbour Engg

Syllabus
• Harbours & Ports
• Types
• Components & their functions
• Layout of a harbour
• Docks - Wet and dry
• Break waters. 
 Harbour
A harbor or harbour , is a place where 
ships,  boats, and barges can seek shelter
from stormy weather, or else are stored for
future use.
 Port
• A port is an artificial sea coast, lakeshore, or river shore
facility where ships, boats, and/or barges have loading
and unloading procedures carried out, including those for
passengers or livestock.
• A port may consist f piers, docks, quays, wharves,jettys,
and/or slipways, all of which can have cargo cranes, 
grain elevators, ramps, and/or bulk-cargo handling
machinery utilizing conveyor belts built upon them.
• For example, very long conveyor belts are used for
loading and unloading coal or ores to/from ships and
barges.
• Furthermore, ports may have equipment for loading or
unloading petroleum or other liquid cargoes to/from 
tankers.
• Ports often have warehouses and other
buildings for the storage and distribution of
goods, or have magazine buildings for naval
ordinance and other explosives.
• There are also ground transportation systems
that connect the port with inland locations, such
as railroad terminals, truck terminals, and/or
pipeline terminals for carrying goods and
materials to and from the port.
 Types of harbour
• Natural harbour
• Semi natural harbour
• Artificial harbour
• An artificial harbor has deliberately-
constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or 
jettys, or otherwise, they could have been
constructed by dredging, and these
require maintenance by further periodic
dredging.
• In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded
on several sides by prominences of land.
• A natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of
water is protected and deep enough to furnish
anchorage.
• Natural harbors have long been of great strategic
naval and economic importance.
• Many of the great cities of the world are located on
natural harbors.
• Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the use
of breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the
harbor.
• The world's largest natural harbor is located at Mumbai,
India.
• Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports.
Classification based on utility
1. Refuge harbour
2. Commercial harbour
3. Fishery harbour
4. Military harbour
 Refuge harbour
• Solely used as Haven for ships in a storm
• Can be part of commercial harbor also
 Terminology
• Port of entry
This is a designated location where foreign citizens and
foreign goods are cleared through a custom house.
• Free port
It is an isolated enclosed and policed area in or adjacent
to a port of entry . It is furnished with facilities for loading
and unloading, for supply fuel and ships stores, for
storing goods and reshipping them by land or water.
Thus it is an area with in which goods may be landed,
stored, mixed, blended, repacked, manufactured and
reshipped with out payment of duties and without
intervention of the custom officials
• Marine terminals:
It is that part of a port or harbour that provides
docking, a cargo handling and storage facilities.
• Passengers terminals
It is that part of port or harbour where only
passenger embark and disembark along with
their luggage and miscellaneous small cargo.
• Freight or cargo terminal:
It is that part of port or harbour where traffic is
mainly cargo carried by freighters. Bulk cargo
terminals handle products as petroleum, cement,
and grains.
 Plimsoll mark or load line
The waterline, national Load Line or Plimsoll Line was invented by Samuel
Plimsoll, indicating the legal limit to which a ship may be loaded for specific water
types and temperatures.
Temperature affects the level because warm water provides less buoyancy, being
less dense than cold water.
The salinity of the water also affects the level, fresh water being less dense than
salty seawater.
This symbol, also called an
international load line or
Plimsoll line, indicates the
maximum safe draft, and
therefore the minimum
freeboard for the vessel in
various operating conditions

F T– Tropical Fresh Water

F – Fresh Water
T – Tropical Seawater
S – Summer Temperate Seawater
W – Winter Temperate Seawater
 Weight of ship
• Displacement load
• Displacement tonnge
• Displacement light
• Dead weight tonnage
• Gross tonnage
• Net tonnage
• Freight tonnage
• Displacement Tonnage:
It is the actual weight of the vessel or the weight of water
displaced when afloat and may be either loaded or light.
• Displacement light:
It is the weight in tones of the ship without cargo, fuel and
stores.
• Dead Weight Tonnage:
It is the weight of cargo, fuel, and stores a ship carries
when loaded to the pilmsoll mark. This tonnage varies
with latitude and season. It represent the carrying
capacity of ship. It can be mathematically expressed as
the difference between displacement loaded to pilmsoll
mark and displacement light in tonne. Dead weight
tonnage depends on salinity of the water. Salinity affect
the specific gravity and buoyancy of water in which the
vessel is operating. Dead weight tonnage is the mean of
tropical, summer, and winter dead weight.
• Gross Tonnage
It represents carrying capacity in volume
measurement. It is the entire interval cubic
capacity of a ship. Ships are registered with
gross or net tonnage expressed in units of 100
cu.m.
• Net Tonnage:
It is the gross tonnage less the space provided
for the crew, machinery, engine room, and fuel.
• Freight Tonnage or Cargo Tonnage:
It forms the basis of freight charge. It is a
commercial expression. This tonnage may be
measured by either weight or volume. Most
ocean freight is accepted on a weight or volume
basis at the shipping company’s option.
 Ship terminologies
Beam:
Beam of a vessel
means the width of
vessel.

Draft:
It is the depth of
the keel of the ships
below water level for the
particular condition of
loading. It is the depth to
which vessel rests in the
water when fully loaded.
 Harbour components

• Entrance channel
• Break water
• Turning basin
• Entrance channel
 Breakwater:
• This is a protective barrier constructed to
form an artificial harbour with a water area
so protected from the effect of sea waves
as to provide safe accommodation for
shipping.
 Turning Basin:

• It is a water area inside a harbour or an

enlargement of a channel to permit the turning of a
ship.
• Where space is available, the area should have a
radius of atleast twice the length of the ship to
permit either free turning or turning with aid of
tugs, if wind and water condition require.
• Where space is limited, the ship may be turned by
warping around the end of a pier, either with or
without the use of its lines.
• In this case the turning basin may be much smaller
and of a more triangular or rectangular shape.
• Anchorages area
• It is a place where ships may be held for
quarantine inspection to await docking
space, or to await fair weather conditions.
 Pier or jetty

• This is dock that projects into ship’s basin

at right angles or oblique from shore.
• When it is built in combination with
breakwater > Breakwater pier
• Main function is prevention of channel
against encroachment of littoral river drift
sediment
• Built in pairs
• Ship may use it on both sides
Pier or jetty
Pier or jetty
Pier or jetty
Pier or jetty
 Wharf
• Platform are landing places for ships to
come close enough to the shore for
embarkation or disembarkation
• When along or parallel to shore > quays
 Quay
• This is a dock parallel to the shore. It may
or may not be continuous with the shore.
 Mole
• A fill, usually rock,
extending out from
shore
• Sideslopes are
provided with riprap
or armour stones

Upper surface of mole is wide enough

to provide roadway, sidewalk, rail, road
tracks , utilities , pipe lines etc
 Trestles

• Lighter piers designed for vertical loads

• Does not have to withstand a ship’s docking
or mooring forces
Dolphins
• Moorings
• Fenders
• Tetropods
• A vessel is said to be moored when it is fastened to a fixed object such as
a bollard, pier, quay or the seabed, or to a floating object such as an anchor
buoy.
• Mooring is often accomplished using thick ropes called mooring
lines or hawsers. The lines are fixed to deck fittings on the vessel at one
end, and fittings on the shore, such as bollards, rings, or cleats, on the other
end.
• Mooring by permanent anchor can be accomplished by use of a
permanent anchor at the bottom of a waterway with a rode (a line, cable, or
chain) running to a float on the surface. This allows a person on the vessel
to connect to the anchor.
Outer harbour
and
Inner harbour
 Docks
-sheltered basins for berthing ships
• Harbour or wet docks
• Repair docks
• Marine railways
• Lift docks
• Gravity or Dry docks
• Floating docks
 Harbour or wet docks
• Enclosed or Partially enclosed basins
provided with ,locks and entrance to keep
the water fairly at constant level
 Harbour or wet docks
• Uses
• Where there exists a considerable range of tide
• Where under low tide conditions the approach is
not navigable
• Where considerable silting takes place
• Advantages
• a) Rubbing of ship against the quay walls is
avoided
• b) A uniform level of water is maintained
• c) The effect of sea disturbance is eliminated
 Repair docks

• Marine railways
• Lift docks
• Graving or Dry docks
• Floating docks
Marine railways
Gravity or Dry docks
DRY DOCK
DRY DOCK
 Port facilities
• Transit shed
• Ware house
• Cargo handling facilities
• 43. The main advantage of wet docks, is
• a) Rubbing of ship against the quay walls
is avoided
• b) A uniform level of water is maintained
• c) The effect of sea disturbance is
eliminated
• d) All of these.
• 44. The advantage of container port is
• a) Increased berth capacity
• b) Reduced overall transit time
• c) Less damage to cargo
• d) All of these
• 45. A low wall built out into the sea more
or less perpendicular to the coast line, to
prevent the movement of sand & bed
materials along sea beach is called
• a) Break wall b) Shore wall
• c) groynes d) Quay
• 46. Ships are tied with a dock normally at
• a) Bow line b) Stern line & break line
• c) Spring line d) All of these
• 47. Which break water is incorrect?
• a) upright wall break water
• b) inverted T-beam type
• c) mound with superstructure.
• d) heap or mound break water.
70. Madras harbour belongs to the type of
a) Natural b) Artificial
c) Semi-natural d) Semi-artificial
71. Dry docks are enclosed areas used for
a) Berthing of vessels to facilitate loading
b) Repairs of vessels
c) Both (a) & (b) d) None of these.
72. Different types of jetties are given here.
Say which one is not correct.
a) Pile & Cylinder jetties
b) Pile & Open jetties
c) Screw, Cylinders in jetty
d) Raft jetty.