STEP INDEX AND GRADED
INDEX
TYPES OF FIBRE
STEP INDEX FIBRE GRADED INDEX FIRE
SINGLE MODE SUPPORTS ONLY
MULTI MODE MULTI MODE
STEP & GRADED INDEX
STEP INDEX GRADED INDEX
Step index fibre is a fibre in Graded index fibre is a type
which the core is of a uniform of fibre where the
refractive index & there is a refractive index of the core is
sharp decrease in the index of maximum at the centre core
refraction at the cladding. and then it decreases towards
core-cladding interface.
STEP INDEX GRAGED INDEX
STEP INDEX FIBRE
1-The refractive index of the core of step index fibre is
constant through out the core.
2- Step index fibre is of two types
mono mode fibre and multi mode fibre.
3-The light rays propagate in zigzag manner inside the
core.
4- The ray cross the fibre axis for every reflection
5-They can be manufactured easily.
GRADED INDEX FIBRE
1- The refractive index of the core of the graded index
fibre is maximum at centre, core and then it
decreases towards core-cladding interface.
2- Graded index fibre is of only one type multi
mode fibre
3- The light rays will not cross the fibre axis.
4- The light rays propagate in the form of skew rays or
helical rays
5- They manufacturing process is complex.
CONDITION FOR LIGHT
PROPAGATION
CONDITION FOR LIGHT
PROPAGATION
Refractive index of the core is greater then the
refractive index of the cladding
Its Support Total Internal Reflection
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECION
Incident Angle is Greater than the critical angle
The light rays travel from denser medium to
rarer medium
GRADED INDEX
Definition: Graded Index fibre is another type of
optical fibre in which the refractive index of the core is
non-uniform. This non-uniformity is present because
the refractive index is higher at the axis of the core and
continuously reduces with the radial movement away
from the axis.
The refractive index of the cladding is constant in the
case of graded index fibre. Hence the nature of the
refractive index of the core is somewhat parabolic.
GRADED INDEX
In this type of fibre, the light ray experiences refraction thus gets bent towards
the core. Thereby allowing propagation of ray in a curved path.
The refractive index of graded index fibre in the mathematical term is
expressed as:
a is the radius of the core
r is the radial distance from the core axis
α shows characteristic of the refractive index profile
n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of core and cladding
respectively.
Let us have a look at the curve shown below that represents the variation in the
profile of the refractive index with various values of α:
GRADED INDEX
The diameter of core in graded-index multimode fibre is
somewhat between 50 to 100 micrometer. The large
diameter of the core allows multiple rays to propagate
through the fibre.
The light wave that travels inside the fibre changes its
behaviour with time while travelling inside it. As we
have already discussed that the refractive index of the
core at the axis is comparatively larger than at the other
part inside it.
GRADED INDEX
Thus when light is allowed is propagate inside the fibre,
then it travels from less dense medium to more dense
medium. However, we are aware of the fact that for TIR to
take place the light must travel from denser to rarer
medium. So, the light ray despite being reflected gets
refracted inside the core.
Hence, the light on travelling gets continuously refracted
and bends. Thus in case of graded-index multimode fibre,
the light rays do not propagate by following a straight line,
rather they follow parabolic path due to non-uniformity in
the refractive index of the core.
GRADED INDEX
However, some of the modes travel in a straight path or
possess less parabolic nature. So, these light rays due to
movement in high refractive index region propagate slower
than those following a highly parabolic path.
The rays that propagate through the region that is away
from the axis travels through the lower refractive index
region, and travels longer path but propagates fastly.
So, this somewhat reduces the time to propagate at the other
end of the fiber. Hence all the rays reach at the same time
despite travelling through different paths.
This eliminates the chances of dispersion inside the core
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT IN GRADED
INDEX FIBER
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT IN GRADED
INDEX FIBER
Let na, nb, nc, nd etc be the refractive index of different layers in graded index fibre
with na > nb> nc> nd etc. then the propagation of light through the graded index fibre
is as shown in the figure.
Here, since na > nb the ray gets refracted. Similarly since nb> nc, the ray gets
refracted and so on. In a similar manner, due to decrease in refractive index the ray
gets gradually curved towards the upward direction and at one place , where in it
satisfies the condition for total internal reflection,(ϕ > ϕc ) it is totally internally
reflected .
The reflected rays travels back towards the core axis and without crossing the fibre
axis, it is refracted towards downwards direction and again gets totally internally
reflected and passes towards upward direction. In this manner the ray propagates
inside the fibre in a helical or Spiral manner
Advantages of Graded-Index Fibre
It can transmit a large amount of information.
The distortion is comparatively small than step index
fibre.
Disadvantages of Graded-Index fibre
These fibres possess low light coupling efficiency.
It is somewhat expensive than step index fibre.
CONCLUSION
we can say that in the case of graded index fibre the
transmitted information signal can be propagated
efficiently and the chances of dispersion are also
less in this case.
