DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Prepared by : Eng. Mohammad Al-Nairat
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Unit step function (Continuous time):
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Unit step function (Discrete time):
, Where n is integer
, Where n is integer
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signum (sgn) function (Continuous time):
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signum (sgn) function (Discrete time):
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Unit Impulse function (Continuous time):
,
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Unit Impulse train function (Continuous time):
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Unit Impulse function (Discrete time):
, , Where n is integer
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Unit Impulse train function (Discrete time):
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Unit impulse function properties:
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Continuous and Discrete time operations
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Rectangular (rect) function (Continuous time):
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Rectangular (rect) function (Discrete time):
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Sinc function :
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Convolution (Continuous time):
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Convolution (Discrete time):
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Convolution with unit impulse function:
Continuous-time Discrete-time
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Fourier transforms:
Continuous-time Discrete-time
(Fourier transform) (Discrete Fourier transform)
Where
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Inverse Fourier transforms:
Continuous-time Discrete-time
(Inverse Fourier transform) (Inverse Discrete Fourier transform)
Where
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Fourier transform properties:
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Fourier transform pairs:
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Fourier transform pairs:
Deterministic and Random signals
Deterministic signals:
Periodic and Non-periodic signals:
• A signals is periodic if it satisfy the condition:
Where is the fundamental period.
A signals is not periodic if it does not satisfy the above condition
Deterministic and Random signals
Energy and power signals signals:
o Energy signals:
• Energy signals contains finite energy and zero average power.
• Energy signals generally include non-periodic signals that have a finite time duration
• In general the energy in a signal is given by:
Deterministic and Random signals
Energy and power signals signals:
o Power signals:
• Power signal has finite average power but infinite energy.
• The step function, the signum function, and periodic functions that meet the Dirichlet conditions
are power signals.
• In general the power of a signal is given by:
Deterministic and Random signals
Spectral Density:
• The spectral density of a signal characterizes the distribution of the signal’s energy or power in
the frequency domain
o Energy spectral density:
• Using Parseval’s theorem , we can relate the energy in the time domain to the energy in the
frequency domain by:
• Energy spectral density describes the signal energy per unit bandwidth measured in joules
Deterministic and Random signals
o Power spectral density:
• The power spectral density formula is given by:
• The average power in terms of the PSD is given by:
• For periodic signals, the average power can be determined from the Fourier series by:
Deterministic and Random signals
o Power spectral density:
• The power spectral density for periodic signals is given by:
Deterministic and Random signals
Autocorrelation of energy signals:
• Correlation is a matching process.
• Autocorrelation referred to the matching of a signal with the delayed version of it self.
• The autocorrelation function of a real valued energy signal is given by:
• The autocorrelation function provides a measure of how closely the signal match a copy of itself
as the copy shifted by units in time.
Deterministic and Random signals
Autocorrelation of energy signals:
• The autocorrelation function of real valued energy signal has the following properties:
Deterministic and Random signals
Autocorrelation of a periodic (power) signals:
• The autocorrelation function of a real valued power signal is given by:
• For a single period , the auto correlation function can be given by:
Deterministic and Random signals
Autocorrelation of energy signals:
• The autocorrelation function of real valued periodic (power) signal has the following
properties:
Deterministic and Random signals
Random signals:
Random variables:
• Let a RV represent the function relation between a random event and a real number.
• The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the RV is given by:
• The CDF has the following properties:
Deterministic and Random signals
Random variables:
• The probability density function (PDF) of the RV is given by:
• For the case where , then the PDF is given by
Deterministic and Random signals
Random variables:
• The probability that a RV has a value in some narrow range between and , can be approximated
as:
• The PDF has the following properties:
Deterministic and Random signals
• The mean value or the expected value of a RV is defined by:
• The nth moment of a RV is defined by:
• The second moment () is the mean-square value of a RV is defined by:
Deterministic and Random signals
• The nth central moment of a RV is defined by:
• The second central moment (n=2) is the variance of a RV is defined by:
Deterministic and Random signals
Random processes:
• A RP can be viewed as a function of two variables: an event and time
Deterministic and Random signals
Random processes:
• Because the value of the a RP at any future time is unknown (since the identity of the event is
unknown), a RP whose distribution function are continuous can be described statistically with a
probability function (PDF).
• The mean value of the RP is defined by:
• The autocorrelation function of the RP to be a function of two variables, and given by:
• The autocorrelation function is a measure of the degree to which two time samples of the same RP
are related.
Deterministic and Random signals
• A RP is said to be stationary in the strict sense if non of its statistics are affected by the shift in the
time origin.
• A RP is said to be a wide-sense stationary (WSS) if two of its statics (mean and autocorrelation) do
not vary with a shift in the time origin. Thus, a process is WSS if:
And
• The autocorrelation function of a WSS process is a function of a time difference and is given by:
Deterministic and Random signals
• In other word gives us an idea of the frequency response that is associated with a RP.
• If changes slowly as increases from zero to some value, it indicates that, on average sample values of
taken at and are nearly the same.
• The properties of autocorrelation function of real-valued WSS process are as follows:
Deterministic and Random signals
PSD and autocorrelation of a RP:
• The PSD of a RP describes the distribution of a signal’s power in the frequency domain.
• The properties of the PSD of a RP are:
Deterministic and Random signals
Deterministic and Random signals
Deterministic and Random signals
Deterministic and Random signals
Deterministic and Random signals
Noise in communication systems:
• The term noise refers to unwanted electrical signals that are always represent in electrical systems.
• It limits the receiver’s ability to make correct symbol decisions, and thereby limits the rate of
information transmission.
• Good engineering design can eliminate much of the noise or its undesirable effects through
filtering, the choice of modulation and the selection of an optimum receiver site.
• However, there is one natural source of noise, called thermal or Johnson noise, that cannot be
eliminated.
Deterministic and Random signals
Noise in communication systems:
• We can describe thermal noise as zero-mean Gaussian RP.
• The Gaussian PDF is given by:
• We will often represent a random signal as the sum of a Gaussian noise RV and a DC signal. That is:
• Where is the random signal, is the dc component, and is the Gaussian noise RV
Deterministic and Random signals
Deterministic and Random signals
• The pdf is then expressed as:
• The primary characteristic of thermal noise is that its PSD is the same for all frequencies.
• In other words a thermal noise source emanates an equal amount of noise power per unit BW at all
frequencies from dc to about 1012 Hz
• A simple model for thermal noise assumes that its PSD is flat for all frequencies and is denoted as:
Deterministic and Random signals
• When the noise power has such uniform spectral density we refer it as white noise.
• The autocorrelation of the white noise is given by the inverse Fourier transform as follows:
• The average power of white noise is infinite because its BW is infinite. That is:
