POWER ELECRONICS
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
WITH R-L LOAD
16/IEE/020
MADE BY- HEMANT KUMAR YADAV
SINGLE PHASE RECTIFIER
• All single phase rectifiers use solid state devices as their primary AC-to-DC
converting device. Single phase uncontrolled half-wave rectifiers are the
simplest and possibly the most widely used rectification circuit for small power
levels as their output is heavily affected by the reactance of the connected load.
• For uncontrolled rectifier circuits, semiconductor diodes are the most commonly
used device and are so arranged to create either a half-wave or a full-
wave rectifier circuit. The advantage of using diodes as the rectification device is
that by design they are unidirectional devices having an inbuilt one-way pn-
junction.
• This pn-junction converts the bi-directional alternating supply into a one-way
unidirectional current by eliminating one-half of the supply. Depending upon the
connection of the diode, it could for example pass the positive half of the AC
waveform when forward-biased, while eliminating the negative half-cycle when
the diode becomes reverse-biased.
FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION
• Unlike the previous half-wave rectifier, the full-wave rectifier utilises
both halves of the input sinusoidal waveform to provide a unidirectional
output. This is because the full-wave rectifier basically consists of two
half-wave rectifiers connected together to feed the load.
• The single phase full-wave rectifier does this by using four diodes
arranged in a bridge arrangement passing the positive half of the
waveform as before but inverting the negative half of the sine wave to
create a pulsating DC output. Even though the the voltage and current
output from the rectifier is pulsating, it does not reverse direction using
the full 100% of the input waveform and thus providing full-wave
rectification.
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER WITH ‘RL’ LOAD
• The single phase fully controlled rectifier
allows conversion of single phase AC into DC.
Normally this is used in various applications
such as battery charging, speed control of DC
motors and front end of UPS (Uninterruptible
Power Supply) and SMPS (Switched Mode
Power Supply).
• All four devices used are thyristors. The turn-
on instants of these devices are dependent on
the firing signals that are given. Turn-off
happens when the current through the device
reaches zero and it is reverse biased at least for
duration equal to the turn-off time of the
device specified in the data sheet.
OPERATION MODE
• Mode 1 (α toπ)
• In positive half cycle of applied ac signal, SCR’s T1 & T2 are forward bias & can be
turned on at an angle α.
• Load voltage is equal to positive instantaneous ac supply voltage. The load current is
positive, ripple free, constant and equal to Io.
• Due to positive polarity of load voltage & load current, load inductance will store
energy.
Mode 2 (π toπ+α)
• At wt=π, input supply is equal to zero & after π it becomes negative. But inductance
opposes any change through it.
• In order to maintain a constant load current & also in same direction. A self
inducedemf appears across ‘L’ as shown.
• Due to this induced voltage, SCR’s T1 & T2 are forward bais in spite the negative supply
voltage.
• The load voltage is negative & equal to instantaneous ac supply voltage whereas load
current is positive.
• Thus, load acts as source & stored energy in inductance is returned back to the ac
supply.
• Mode 3 (π+α to 2π)
• At wt=π+α SCR’s T3 & T4 are turned on & T1, T2 are reversed bias.
• Thus , process of conduction is transferred from T1,T2 to T3,T4.
• Load voltage again becomes positive & energy is stored in inductor
• T3, T4 conduct in negative half cycle from (π+α) to 2π
• With positive load voltage & load current energy gets stored
Mode 4 (2π to 2π+α)
• At wt=2π, input voltage passes through zero.
• Inductive load will try to oppose any change in current if in order to
maintain load current constant & in the same direction.
• Induced emf is positive & maintains conducting SCR’s T3 & T4 with reverse
polarity also.
• Thus VL is negative & equal to instantaneous ac supply voltage. Whereas
load current continues to be positive.
• Thus load acts as source & stored energy in inductance is returned back to
ac supply
• At wt=α or 2π+α, T3 & T4 are commutated and T1,T2 are turned on.
FULL-WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER: RL
LOAD (CONTINUOUS MODE)
• There are many ways we can develop a full-wave controlled rectifier for an inductive
load. One of the possible configurations is shown below. Idea here is to control the dc
output voltage and current through the inductive load when the maximum value of
the input voltage is can not be changed. As explained in the previous section, there
are two possible operations: (a)discontinuous, and (b) continuous. In this section, we
consider the continuous operation. Since there is no way to tell if the operation is
continuous or not, it is always wise to begin the analysis assuming the discontinuous
mode.
• The operation is discontinuous if the current in the inductor is negligibly small prior
to the firing angle of the SCRs. In other words, the current is zero when the SCRs turn
on.
THANK YOU
