Review Question
1
Earthmoving Materials
Soil Conditions
Bank: Material in its natural state before disturbance.
Often referred to as “in-place” or “in situ.”A unit volume
is identified as a bank cubic yard (BCY) or a bank cubic
meter (BCM).
Loose: Material that has been excavated or loaded. A
unit volume is identified as a loose cubic yard (LCY) or
loose cubic meter (LCM).
Compacted: Material after compaction. A unit
volume is identified as a compacted cubic yard (CCY) or
compacted cubic meter (CCM).
2
Earthmoving Materials
Swell
Shrinkage
Load and Shrinkage Factors
3
Earthmoving Materials
Swell (%)
4
Earthmoving Materials
Swell (%)
5
Earthmoving Materials
Find the swell of a soil that weights 2800 lb/cy in
its natural state and 2000 lb/cy after excavation.
That is, 1 bank cubic yard of material will expand
to 1.4 loose cubic yards after excavation.
6
Earthmoving Materials
Shrinkage (%)
7
Earthmoving Materials
Shrinkage (%)
8
Earthmoving Materials
Find the shrinkage of a soil that weights 2800
lb/cy in its natural state and 3500 lb/cy after
compaction.
Hence 1 bank cubic yard of material will shring
to 0.8 compacted cubic yards.
9
Earthmoving Materials
Load Factor
EQ 2-6
EQ 2-7
10
Earthmoving Materials
Load Factor
EQ 2-6
EQ 2-7
11
Earthmoving Materials
Shrinkage Factor
EQ 2-6
EQ 2-7
12
Earthmoving Materials
Shrinkage Factor
EQ 2-6
EQ 2-7
13
Earthmoving Materials
Given:
Bank = 2600 lb/cy
Loose = 2400 lb/cy
Compact = 3200 lb/cy
Find:
Swell
Shrinkage
Load Factor
Shrinkage Factor 14
Earthmoving Materials
Given:
Bank = 2600 lb/cy
Loose = 2400 lb/cy
Compact = 3200 lb/cy
Swell = 8.33%
Shrinkage = 18.75%
Load Factor = 0.92
Shrinkage Factor = 0.81
Find:
An excavation is 125,000 cy (bank)
How many Haul yards?
How many compact yards?
How many truckloads are needed? 31.7 cy/truck
15
Earthmoving Materials
Trench Problem
Given:
Trench= 2200’ Long x 6’ wide x 7’ deep
LF = 0.87
SF = 0.91
Pipeline and gravel backfill bottom 3’ of trench
Upper 4’ backfilled with soil
12 cy trucks
Find the number of truckloads to haul off and
stockpile on site.
16
Earthmoving Materials
Basement Problem
Given Soil:
2300 lb/cy Loose
2600 lb/cy Bank
2800 lb/cy Compacted
Find LF and SF
17
Earthmoving Materials
Basement Problem
Given Soil:
2300 lb/cy Loose 2600 lb/cy Bank
2800 lb/cy Compacted
LF = 0.88 SF = 0.93
Given Excavation:
Basement 200’ x 250’ x 12’
Access Ramp = One side will have a ramp 30’ wide @ 5:1 slope and
backfilled later
Trucks are 20 cy
Find:
How many trucks will need to be stockpiled to backfill ramp?
How many trucks will needed to be hauled off site?
18
Earthmoving Materials
Basement Problem
Given Soil:
2300 lb/cy Loose 2600 lb/cy Bank
2800 lb/cy Compacted
LF = 0.88 SF = 0.93
Given Excavation:
Basement 200’ x 250’ x 12’
Access Ramp = One side will have a ramp 30’ wide @ 5:1 slope and
backfilled later
Trucks are 20 cy
Find:
How many trucks will need to be stockpiled to backfill ramp?
How many trucks will needed to be hauled off site?
19
Earthmoving Materials
Class #1 Problem
Given Soil:
2000 lb/cy Loose
2400 lb/cy Bank
3200 lb/cy Compacted
Find LF and SF
20
Earthmoving Materials
Class #2 Problem
Given Soil:
LF & SF from Problem #1
Given Excavation:
Basement 300’ x 500’ x 8’
Access Ramp = One side will have a ramp 40’ wide @ 4:1 slope and
backfilled later
Trucks are 12 cy
Find:
How many trucks will need to be stockpiled to backfill ramp?
How many trucks will needed to be hauled off site?
21
