MALARIA
DISEASE
By
Efrida Venty (3422119095)
Lusy Hikmah Pujiati (3422119163)
What is Malaria Disease
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease
that affects humans and other animals. It is
caused by single-celled microorganisms of the
Plasmodium group. The disease is most
commonly spread by an infected female
Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite
introduces the parasites from the mosquito's
saliva into a person's blood. The parasites
travel to the liver where they mature and
reproduce.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The signs and symptoms of malaria typically begin 8–25 days
following infection. Initial manifestations of the disease are
similar to flu-like symptoms,
The classic symptom of malaria is paroxysm, a cyclical
occurrence of sudden coldness followed by shivering and then
fever and sweating,
Severe malaria is usually caused by Plasmodium Falciparum
(often referred to as Plasmodium Malariae). Symptoms of
Plasmodium Malariae arise 9–30 days after infection.
Individuals with cerebral malaria frequently exhibit neurological
symptoms, including abnormal posturing, nystagmus, conjugate
gaze palsy (failure of the eyes to turn together in the same
direction), opisthotonus, seizures, or coma.
Cause
FEMALE
ANOPHELES Plasmodium
MOSQUITO
Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium
Falciparum Malariae Ovale Vivax Knowlesi
LIFE CYCLE
The life cycle of malaria parasites. A mosquito causes
an infection by a bite. First, sporozoites enter the
bloodstream, and migrate to the liver. They infect liver
cells, where they multiply into merozoites, rupture the
liver cells, and return to the bloodstream. The
merozoites infect red blood cells, where they develop
into ring forms, trophozoites and schizonts that in turn
produce further merozoites. Sexual forms are also
produced, which, if taken up by a mosquito, infects the
insect and continue the life cycle.
CLASSIFICATION
Malaria is classified into either "severe" or "uncomplicated" by the World Health Organization
(WHO). It is deemed severe when any of the following criteria are present, otherwise it is
considered uncomplicated
• Decreased consciousness • Kidney failure or hemoglobin in the
• Significant weakness such that the urine
• Bleeding problems, or hemoglobin less
person is unable to walk
than 50 g/L (5 g/dL)
• Inability to feed • Pulmonary oedema
• Two or more convulsions • Blood glucose less than 2.2 mmol/L (40
• Low blood pressure (less than 70 mg/dL)
mmHg in adults and 50 mmHg in • Acidosis or lactate levels of greater than
children) 5 mmol/L
• Breathing problems • A parasite level in the blood of greater
than 100,000 per microlitre (µL) in low-
• Circulatory shoc
intensity transmission areas, or 250,000
per µL in high-intensity transmission
areas
Various Types of Malaria
Name Pathogen Notes
algid malaria Plasmodium falciparum severe malaria affecting the cardiovascular system and causing chills
and circulatory shock
bilious malaria Plasmodium falciparum severe malaria affecting the liver and causing vomiting and jaundice
cerebral malaria Plasmodium falciparum severe malaria affecting the cerebrum
congenital malaria Various plasmodia plasmodium introduced from the mother via the fetal circulation
falciparum malaria, Plasmodium Plasmodium falciparum
falciparum malaria, pernicious malaria
Ovale malaria, Plasmodium ovale malaria Plasmodium ovale
quartan malaria, malariae malaria, Plasmodium malariae paroxysms every fourth day (quartan), counting the day of
Plasmodium malariae malaria occurrence as the first day
Name Pathogen Notes
quotidian malaria Plasmodium falciparum paroxysms daily (quotidian)
, Plasmodium vivax,
Plasmodium knowlesi
tertian malaria Plasmodium falciparum paroxysms every third day (tertian), counting the day of
, Plasmodium ovale, occurrence as the first
Plasmodium vivax
transfusion malaria various plasmodia plasmodium introduced by blood transfusion, needle sharing
, or needlestick injury
vivax malaria, Plasmodium vivax malaria Plasmodium vivax
quotidian malaria Plasmodium falciparum paroxysms daily (quotidian)
, Plasmodium vivax,
Plasmodium knowlesi
