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CHE 320 – CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING PROCESS
ANALYSIS II
OUTLINE
Module I: Energy and Energy Balances
(a) Forms of Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics
(b) Kinetic and Potential Energy
(c) Energy Balances on Closed Systems
(d) Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State
(i) Flow Work and Shaft Work
(ii) Specific Properties and Enthalpies
(iii) The Steady-state Open-Systems Energy Balance
(e) Tables of Thermodynamic Data
(i) Reference States and State Properties
(ii) Steam Tables
(f) Energy Balance Procedures
(g) Mechanical Energy Balances
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Module II: Balances on Non-reactive Processes
(a) Elements of Energy Balance Calculations
(i) Reference States – A review
(ii) Hypothetical Process Paths
(iii) Procedure for Energy Balance Calculations
(b) Changes in Pressure at Constant Temperature
(c) Changes in Temperature
(i) Sensible Heat and Heat Capacities
(ii) Heat Capacity Formulas
(iii) Estimation of Heat Capacities
(iv) Energy Balances on Single-Phase Systems
(v) Numerical Integration of Tabulated Heat Capacities
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Contd.
(d) Phase Change Operations
(i) Latent Heats
(ii) Estimation and Correlation of Latent Heats
(iii) Energy Balances on Processes Involving Phase Changes
(iv) Psychrometric Charts
(v) Adiabatic Cooling
(e) Mixing and Solution
(i) Heats of solution and Mixing
(ii) Balances in Dissolution and Mixing processes
(iii) Enthalpy-Concentration Charts – Single Liquid Phase
(iv) Using Enthalpy–Concentration Charts for Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Calculations
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Module III: Balances on Reactive Processes
(a) Heats of Reaction
(b) Measurement and Calculation of Heats of Reaction: Hess’s Law
(c) Formation Reactions and Heats of Formation
(d) Heats of Combustion
(e) Energy Balances on Reactive Processes
(i) General Procedures
Heat of Reaction Method
Heat of Formation Method
(ii) Processes with Unknown Outlet Conditions: Adiabatic Reactors
(iii) Thermochemistry of Solutions
(f) Fuels and Combustion
(i) Fuels and their Properties
Heating Values
(ii) Adiabatic Flame Temperature
(iii) Flammability and Ignition
(iv) Flames and Detonations
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RECOMMENDED TEXT
• Himmelblau, D.M. and Brigs, J.B., (2012), Basic
Principles and Calculations In Chemical Engineering,
8th Ed., Prentice Hall.
• Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes (3rd
Edition) by Richard M. Felder and Ronald W.
Rousseau
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ENERGY BALANCES ON REACTIVE PROCESSES
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Introduction
• High cost of energy
• Sources of energy – sun, winds, tides – efficiency of exploitation.
--- Not enough water dams and falls
-- Nuclear sources (downside)
Burning of fuel is resorted to for generation of thermal or electrical energy
• Process industry set to make profit
---- wasting energy reduces profit
--- Competitiveness btw companies
• Function of a design engineer – account for energy in units
• Writing of energy balances
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The formula of energy balances and its application have been looked at.
Equation above is the basic form of the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system.
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(6)
(8)
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Broad Aims: To know
• how enthalpy changes that accompany chemical
reactions are determined from tables
• how calculated enthalpies of reaction are incorporated
in energy balances on reactive processes.
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Course objectives
• Explain in your own words the concepts of heat of
reaction; exothermic and endothermic reactions; heat
of formation; combustion; heat of combustion;
standard heats of formation, combustion, and reaction;
heating value of a fuel;
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Course objectives
• adiabatic flame temperature; ignition temperature;
ignition lag; lower and upper flammability limits and
flash point of a fuel; a flame; blue and yellow flames;
flashback; and detonation.
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Course objectives
• Given (a) the amount of any reactant consumed or any
product generated in a reaction at a given temperature
and pressure and
(b) the heat of the reaction at that temperature and
pressure, calculate the total enthalpy change.
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Course objectives
•Determine a heat of reaction from heats of other reactions using Hess’s
law. Determine standard enthalpies and internal energies of reaction from
known standard heats of formation and heats of combustion.
•Write and solve an energy balance on a chemical reactor using either the
heat of reaction method (taking reactant and product species as references
for enthalpy calculations) or the heat of formation method (taking
elemental species as references), and specify which method is preferable
for a given process. Write the process path implicitly adopted when each
method is used.
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Course objectives
• Solve reactive-system energy balance problems for (a) the heat
transfer required for specified inlet and outlet conditions, (b) the
outlet temperature corresponding to a specified heat input (e.g., for
an adiabatic reactor), and (c) the product composition
corresponding to a specified heat input and a specified outlet
temperature.
• Convert a higher heating value of a fuel to a lower heating value
and vice versa.
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Heat of Reaction
• Consider the following chemical Reaction.:
CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
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• If the total energy needed to break the bonds > the total energy obtained when the
new bonds are formed endothermic reaction.
• On the contrary, if the total energy obtained when the new bonds are formed > the
total energy required to break the bonds exothermic reaction.
• The net amount of heat of a particular reaction is called HEAT of REACTION.
• The heat of reaction is, in fact, the change in enthalpy when reactants at given T
& P is completely converted to products at the same T & P.
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• The large internal energy and enthalpy changes commonly associated with chemical
reactions can play major roles in the design and operation of chemical processes.
• If a reaction is endothermic, the energy needed to keep the reactor temperature (and
hence the reaction rate) from dropping too much may cost enough to turn a
profitable process into an unprofitable one.
• On the other hand, if the reaction is exothermic, heat usually must be transferred
away from the reactor to keep the temperature below a value that leads to safety or
product quality problems.
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Definition:
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Units of heat of reaction: per mol of what ?
• 2A + B 3C;
= −50kJ/gmol
Thus, if 30 gmol of C is generated, what is the total heat generated from
this reaction ?
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Heat of reaction
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Heat of reaction
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Some useful facts of “Heat of Reaction”
1. At low to moderate P, it is safe to assume that
heat of reaction is only a function of temperature
(T) (i.e. the change in P negligibly affects the
change in heat of Reaction)
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Calculation of Heats of Reaction
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