Surface Modeling
Title of the chapter: Surface Modeling UNIT-2
Duration: 120
Outcomes of this chapter:
At the end of the chapter ,the students will be able to
[Link]. Outcomes
1 Know about at analytical surface and Syntetic surface.
2 Ruled surface, surface of revolution of spherical surface
3 Hermite bicubic surface, Bezier surface, Bspline surface
4 Solid modelling Techniques can be achieved cell composition, sweep representation
5 constructive solid geometry, boundary representation
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Types of Surfaces surfaces and Surface Modeling
Analytical Surface
Primitive surface Analytic geometry: The geometry which
Plane surface are defined by analytic equations are said
Offset surface to be analytic geometry. Examples: Lines,
Tabulated cylinder Circles, Ellipses, Parabolas and
Surface of revolution Hyperbolas. This geometry can not be
Swept surface modified.
Ruled surface
Synthetic Surfaces
Synthetic geometry is needed when a
Bicubic surface
geometry is represented by a collection of
Bezier surface data points.
B-Spline surface
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Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Surface Patch
A surface patch ⎯ a curved bounded collection of points whose coordinates are
given by continuous, two-parameter, single-valued mathematical expression.
Parametric representation:
p = p(u,v)
x=x(u,v),y=y(u,v),z=z(u,v)
p(u,v) = [x(u,v) y(u,v) z(u,v)]T
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Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Surface Patch
v=1
- ,v )
n(u i j
u=ui
v=v
-p(u ,vj )
i j
v=0
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Analytical Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Primitive surfaces
Plane surface
Offset surface
Tabulated cylinder
Surface of revolution
Swept surface
Ruled surface
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Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Primitive Surfaces
Plane: P(u, v) = u i + v j + 0 k
Cylinder: P(u, v) = R cos u i + R sin u j + v k
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Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Primitive Surfaces
• Plane
P(u, v) = u i + v j + 0 k
• Cylinder
P(u, v) = R cos u i + R sin u j + v k
• Sphere
P(u, v) = R cos u cos v i + R sin u cos v j + R sin v k
• Cone
P(u, v) = m v cos u i + m v sin u j + v k
• Torus
P(u, v) = (R + r cos v) cos u i + (R + r cos v) sin u j + r sin v k
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Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Planar Surface
Defined by 3 points and 3 vectors
p(u , v) p0 u ( p1 p0 ) v( p2 p0 ) 0 u 1;0 v 1
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Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Planar Surface
p(u, v) p0 u ( p1 p0 ) v( p2 p0 ) 0 u 1;0 v 1
p(u , v) p0 u p1 p0 rˆ) v( p2 p0 sˆ) 0 u 1;0 v 1
nˆ rˆ sˆ; surface normal
p1 p0 p 2 p0
rˆ ; sˆ ; Normalized Direction Vectors
p1 p0 p 2 p0
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Tabulated Cylinder Surfaces and Surface Modeling
• Curve is projected along a vector
• In most CAD software it is called as “extrusion”
Vector
Surface generation
curve
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Surface of Revolution Surfaces and Surface Modeling
• Revolve curve about an axis
Curve
Axis
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Surface of Revolution
8. Surfaces and Surface Modeling
When a planar curve is revoled around the axis with an angle v a circle is
constructed (if v=360 ). Center is on the revolving axis and rz(u) is variable.
Swept Surface Surfaces and Surface Modeling
• Defining curve swept along an arbitrary spine curve
Spine
Defining curve
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Ruled Surface Surfaces and Surface Modeling
• Linear interpolation between two edge curves
• Created by lofting through cross sections
• Lines are used to connect edge curves
• There is no restriction for edge curves
• It is a linear surface Edge curve 2
Edge curve 1 Linear
interpolation
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Ruled Surface Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Edge curves: G(u) and Q(u)
C1(u)=G(u)
C2(u)=Q(u)
Ruled surce only permits slope in the direction of curves in u direction. Surface has zero slope in v
direction. Ruled surface cannot be used to model surfaces that have slopes in 2 directions.
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Synthetic Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Bicubic surface
Bezier surface
B-Spline surface
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Bicubic Patch Surfaces and Surface Modeling
• A cubic parametric patch can be expressed in terms of basis function and control
points.
• Extension of cubic curve
• 16 unknown coefficients - 16 boundary conditions
• Tangents and “twists” at corners of patch can be used
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Bicubic Patch Surfaces and Surface Modeling
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Bicubic Patch
To find 16 coefficients in C matrix 16 boundary conditions are necessary.
These are:
4 corner points
8 tangent vectors at corner points (in u and v directions at each point )
4 twist vectors at corner points
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Bicubic Patch Surfaces and Surface Modeling
The twist vector at a point on a surface measures the twist in the
surface at the point. It is the rate of change of the tangent vector Pu
with respect to v or Pv with respect to u or it is the cross (mixed)
derivative vector at the point.
The normal to a surface is another important analytical property. The
surface normal at a point is a vector which is perpendicular to both tangent
vectors at the point.
And the unit normal vector is given by:
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Bicubic Patch Surfaces and Surface Modeling
The Hermite bicubic surface can be written in terms of the 16 input
vectors:
; Hermite matrix
; geometri ya da sınır koşulu matrisi
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Bicubic Patch Surfaces and Surface Modeling
P(u,v) equation can be further expressed as:
The second order twist vectors Puv are difficult to define. The
Ferguson surface
(also called the F-surface patch) is a bicubic surface patch with zero
twist vectors at the patch corners. Thus, the boundary matrix for the
F-surface patch becomes:
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Bicubic Patch Surfaces and Surface Modeling
F-surface patch
This special surface is useful in design and machining applications.
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Bicubic Patch Surfaces and Surface Modeling
• Advantages
– Boundary curves are Hermite curves
– Interior points can be controlled
• Disadvantages
–What should be the twist factor? It is not esay to sense the effect of twist
vector(Ferguson pacth twist vector is 0).
– Cannot be used with high order polynomials.
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Bezier Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
• Bezier curves can be extended to surfaces
• Same problems as for Bezier curves:
– no local modification possible
– smooth transition between adjacent patches difficult to achieve
Parametric space Cartesian space
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Bezier Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Bezier Surfaces:
• Two sets of orthogonal Bezier curves can be used to design an object surface.
• A tensor product Bezier surface is an extension for the Bezier curve in two parametric
directions u and v:
• P(u, v) is any point on the surface and P ij are the control points. These points form the
vertices of the control or characteristic polyhedron.
• Curves are formed,
when u is constant v changes in [0..1]
when v is constant u changes in [0..1]
• Like in Beziér curves Bin(u) and B jm(v) n. and m. Deg ree Bernstein polynomials.
• Generally n=m=3: cubic Beziér patch is used. (4x4=16 control points; Pi,j is necessary.)
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Bezier Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
P(u, v) is a point on the surface and Pij are control points.
These points form the control polygon’s vertex points.
Below figure shows cubic Bezier patch.
When n=3 and m=3 is placed in Bezier equation then Bezier patch
equation becomes:
Parametric space Cartesian space
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Bezier Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
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Bezier Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
A 3rd degree Bezier surface defined with 16 control points:
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Bezier Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
Open and closed Bezier surface examples
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B-Spline Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
• As with curves, B-spline surfaces are a generalization of Bezier surfaces
• The surface approximates a control polygon
• Open and closed surfaces can be represented
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B-Spline Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
A tensor product B-spline surface is an extension for the B-spline curve in two
parametric directions u and v.
For n=m=3, the equivalent bicubic formulation of an open and closed cubic B-spline
surface can be derived as below.
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B-Spline Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
where [P] is an (n +1)×(m +1) matrix of the vertices of the characteristic polyhedron of
the B-spline surface patch.
For a 4×4 cubic B-spline patch:
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B-Spline Surfaces Surfaces and Surface Modeling
B-Spline surface example
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