MACHINE DESIGN

What is the polar section modulus of a

solid shaft with a diameter of 101.6 mm?
 
a) 209.5 cm3
b) 209.5 cm4
c) 205.9 cm3
d) 205.9 cm4
This minimum distance is measured
between the non-driving side of a tooth
and the adjacent side of the mating tooth.
It is the amount by which the width of a
tooth space exceeds the thickness of the
engaging tooth measured on the pitch
circle. What is this distance?
 
a) Circular pitch
b) Whole depth
c) Backlash
d) Space width
 
With the water interruptions prevailing in
your town, you have been asked to design an
upright cylindrical water tank 6 meters in
diameter and 6 meters high, vented, and to be
filled completely with water. Determine the
minimum thickness of the tank plate if the stress
is limited to 40 Mpa.
 
a) 3.3 mm
b) 4.4 mm
c) 5.5 mm
d) 8.8 mm
 
What is the algebraic difference
between the maximum limit and the
corresponding basic size?
 
a) Fundamental deviation
b) Upper deviation
c) Lower deviation
d) Tolerance
A steel shaft 1.75 inches in diameter
transmits 40 Hp at 1800 rpm. Assuming a
modulus of rigidity of 12 x 106 psi, find
the torsional deflection of the shaft in
degrees per foot length.
 
a) 0.0073
b) 0.0037
c) 0.0063
d)0.00013
What is the algebraic difference
between the minimum limit and the
corresponding basic size?
 
a) Fundamental deviation
b) Upper deviation
c) Lower deviation
d) Tolerance
A helical-coil spring has a mean coil
diameter of 1 inch and a wire
diameter of 1/8 inch. Determine the
curve correction factor of the spring.
 
a)1.144
b) 1.44
c) 1.1144
d) 1.1414
This is either the upper or the lower
deviation, depending on which is
closer to the basic size. How do you
call this deviation?
 
a) Fundamental deviation
b) Upper deviation
c) Lower deviation
d) Tolerance
 
A vise is equipped with a 1-inch single square
thread, with 4 threads per inch. The frictional
radius of the collar is 0.5 inch. The coefficient of
friction for both the collar and threads is 0.20.
How much external torque must be applied to
produce a force of 200 lb against the jaws of the
vise?
 
a) 39.73 in-lb
b) 33.97 in-lb
c) 37.93 in-lb
d) 39.37 in-lb
 
 
What is the difference between the
maximum and minimum size limits of
a part?
 
a) Allowance
b) Tolerance
c) Deviation
d) Basic size
A helical-coil spring has a mean
coil diameter of 1 inch and a wire
diameter of 1/8 inch. Determine
the Wahl factor of the spring.
 
a) 1.148
b) 1.184
c) 1.418
d) 1.814
 
It is the capacity of a material to absorb
energy when it is deformed elastically and
then, upon unloading, to increase this energy.
What is this capacity of a material?
 
a) Resilience
b) Toughness
c) Rigidity
d) Ductility
A helical-coil spring has a mean coil
diameter of 1 inch and a wire diameter
of 1/8 inch. Determine the value of
Bergstrassar factor of the spring.
 
a) 1.172
b) 1.712
c) 1.217
d) 1.271
 
How do you call the strain energy per
unit volume required to stress a
material from an unloaded state to the
point of yielding?
 
a) Modulus of roughness
b) Modulus of elasticity
c) Modulus of rigidity
d) Modulus of resilience
Compute the tooth thickness of a 14.5o
spur gear with diametral pitch of 5.
 
a) 0.23140 inch
b) 0.31416 inch
c) 0.43140 inch
d) 0.03140 inch
 
 
How do you call a structural member
designed to support loads
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis?
 
a) Cantilever beam
b) Beam
c) Overhanging beam
d) Column
 
 
Compute the speed of the gear
mounted on a 52.5 mm diameter shaft
receiving power from a driving motor
with 250 Hp.
 
a) 2 182 rpm
b) 2 071 rpm
c) 2 265 rpm
d) 2 341 rpm
It is a load applied transversely to
longitudinal axis of member. How do you
call this load?
 
a) Bending load
b) Combined load
c) Distributed load
d) Cyclic load
 
What is a load distributed over an
entire area?
 
a) Bending load
b) Combined load
c) Distributed load
d) Cyclic load
 
 
Compute the working strength of 1 inch
bolt which is screwed up tightly in packed
joint when the allowable working stress is
13000 psi.
 
a) 3 600 lb
b) 3 950 lb
c) 3 900 lb
d) 3 800 lb
 
It is a design approach where no
catastrophic loss can occur as a result of a
component failure. What is this design
approach?
 
a) Fail-safe design approach
b) Fault free analysis approach
c) Manifest danger approach
d) Redundancy approach
It is the condition of a machine element
when it is completely inoperable, cannot
perform its intended function adequately,
or is unreliable for continued safe use.
What do you call this condition?
 
a) Fail-safe condition
b) Failure condition
c) Critical condition
d) Salvage condition
Compute the nominal shear stress at the
surface, in MPa, for a 50 mm diameter
shaft that is subjected to a torque of 0.48
kN-m.
 
a) 16.95
b) 21.65
c) 19.56
d) 25.12
How do you call a statistical data used to
identify the most likely failure modes?
 
a) Finite element analysis
b) Fault free analysis
c) Failure analysis
d) Random analysis
  
A hollow iron pipe to be designed as a
column has an outside diameter of 240
mm and is subjected to a force of 80 KN.
Find the pipe thickness if the compressive
stress is limited to 16 MPa.
 
a) 5.85 mm
b. 6.85 mm
c. 7.85 mm
d. 8.85 mm
It is a computational method used for solving
complex shapes, such as those found in
machinery; replaces the complex shape with a
set of simple elements interconnected at a
finite set of a specific purpose. What is this
computational method?
 
a) Finite element analysis
b) Numerical method of analysis
c) Fault free analysis
d) Synthesis
  
A uniform beam 12 meters long is fixed at
one end. It has a uniform weight of 50
kg/m along its length. A load of 20 kgs. is
suspended on the beam 4 m from the free
end. The moment at the fixed end is
 
a. 3760 kg-m
b. 0.0 kg-m
c. 60 kg-m
d. 4800 kg-m
 
When a hot part is cooled suddenly by
quenching, there is momentarily a high
temperature gradient that induces a stress
gradient. Some metal parts under certain
conditions crack as a result. How do you call
this phenomenon?
 
a) Thermal-shock failure
b) Thermal fatigue
c) Honing
d) Quenching
 
 
A 20o straight-tooth bevel pinion having 14
teeth and a diametral pitch of 6 teeth/inch
drives a 42-tooth gear. The two shafts are
at right angles and in the same plane. Find
the pitch angle of the pinion.
 
a) 18.4o
b) 20o
c) 14.5o
d) 20.5o
How do you call the diameter of the
imaginary cylinder that bounds the crest
of an external thread and the roots of an
internal thread?
 
a) Mean diameter
b) Stress diameter
c) Minor diameter
d) Major diameter
 
A 20o straight-tooth bevel pinion having 14
teeth and a diametral pitch of 6 teeth/inch
drives a 32-tooth gear. The two shafts are at
right angles and in the same plane. The pinion
is to transmit 1800 rpm and transmitting 50 hp.
Determine the pitch diameters of the gears.
 
a) 2.33 inches and 5.36 inches
b) 3.23 inches and 3.56 inches
c) 5.36 inches and 6.36 inches
d) 2.33 inches and 2.33 inches
 
 
It is a measure of the change in length of a
material subjected to a change in
temperature. How do you call this
property of the material?
 
a) Toughness
b) Coefficient of thermal expansion
c) Thermal conductivity
d) Electric Resistivity
  
 
A 1-inch diameter shaft has a single disc
weighing 75 lb mounted midway between
two bearings 20” apart. Find the lowest
critical speed in rpm. Neglect the weight of
the shaft. Assume that the modulus of
elasticity is 30 x 106 psi.
 
a) 2038 rpm
b) 2308 rpm
c) 2380 rpm
d) 2803 rpm
What is a condition where one surface is
comparatively free of stress?
 
a) Octahedral plane
b) Biaxial or Plane stress
c) Strain plane
d) Principal normal stress
 
A flywheel weighing 457 kg has a radius
of 375 mm. How much energy, in N-m,
does the flywheel loss from 3 rps to 2.8
rps?
 
a) 368
b) 150
c) 1474
d) 38
 
How do you call the circle on a gear that
corresponds to the contact surface of the
friction wheel?
 
a) Addendum circle
b) Root circle
c) Pitch circle
d) Base circle
 
A triple threaded worm has a pitch
diameter of 3 inches. The wheel has 25
teeth and a pitch diameter of 5 inches.
Material for both the wheel and the wheel
is phosphor bronze. Determine the helix
angle of the gear.
 
a) 11.31o
b) 13.11o
c) 11.13o
d) 10.13o
 
A single square thread power screw is to raise
a load of 70 kN. The screw has a major
diameter of 36 mm and a pitch of 6 mm. The
coefficient of thread friction and collar friction
are 0.13 and 0.10 respectively. If the collar
mean diameter is 90 mm and the screw turns
at 60 rpm, find the axial linear speed of the
screw.
 
a) 5 mm/s
b) 6 mm/s
c) 7 mm/s
d) 5.5 mm/s
This material is the most popular alloy spring
steel for conditions involving higher stresses
than can be used with the high-carbon steels
and for use where fatigue resistance and long
endurance are needed; this is also good for
shock and impact loads.
 
a) Chrome silicon
b) Chrome vanadium
c) hard-drawn wire
d) Oil-tempered wire
 
 
What is the largest roller chain size that
can be used for power transmission at a
sprocket speed of 1000 rpm?
 
a) RC 35
b) RC 50
c) RC 80
d) RC 60
 
 
These are gears with teeth formed on
conical surfaces and are used mostly for
transmitting motion between intersecting
shafts. How do you call these gears?
 
a) Spur gears
b) Helical gears
c) Bevel gears
d) Worm gearings
A single square thread power screw is to
raise a load of 70 kN. The screw has a major
diameter of 36 mm and a pitch of 6 mm. The
coefficient of thread friction and collar
friction are 0.13 and 0.10 respectively. If the
collar mean diameter is 90 mm and the screw
turns at 60 rpm, find the axial linear speed of
the screw.
 
a) 5 mm/s
b) 6 mm/s
c) 7 mm/s
d) 5.5 mm/s
What Hp can a 1-inch diameter short shaft
transmit at 380 rpm?
 
a) 3 Hp
b) 18 Hp
c) 10 Hp
d) 7.1 Hp
 
 
A spur pinion rotates at 600 rpm and
transmits 25 kW to a mating gear. The pitch
diameter of the pinion is 100 mm, and the
pressure angle is 20o. Determine the
tangential load, in N.
 
a) 7660
b) 6790
c) 3900
d) 3098
A bearing that primarily guides the
motion of a machine member without
specific regard to the direction of load
application.
 
a) Journal bearing
b) Clearance bearing
c) Guide bearing
d) Thrust bearing
A multiple-disk clutch, composed of three
plates with a small diameter of 150 mm
and large diameter of 200 mm, is designed
to transmit 100 kW at 3000 rpm at a
coefficient of friction of 0.5. Determine the
spring force needed to engage the clutch.
 
a) 2820 N
b) 2428 N
c) 5460 N
d) 3638 N
A wire rope lifts a load of 10 kips at a
maximum speed of 1000 feet per minute,
attained in 5 seconds starting from rest.
The rope has a metallic cross sectional area
of 0.4 in2. Determine the maximum tensile
stress on the rope in ksi.
a) 26.2
b) 25.0
c) 27.6
d) 32.4
 
What is the bursting steam pressure of a
hemispherical steel shell with a diameter
of 100 inches and made of 0.0635-m thick
steel plate, if the joint efficiency is 70 %
and the tensile strength is 60 000 psi?
 
a) 4 020 psi
b) 4 200 psi
c) 2 400 psi
d) 2 040 psi
 
A cylinder having an internal diameter if
508 mm and external diameter if 914.4 mm
is subjected to an internal pressure of 69
MPa and an external pressure of 14 MPa.
Determine the hoop stress at the inner
surface of the cylinder.
 
a) 90.11 MPa
b) 91.10 MPa
c) 911.0 MPa
d) 19.10 Mpa
 
What length of a square key is required for
a 4-in diameter shaft transmitting 1000 hp
at 1000 rpm? The allowable shear and
compressive stresses in the key are 15 ksi
and 30 ksi, respectively.
 
a) 2.1 inches
b) 2.8 inches
c) 3.2 inches
d) 4.2 inches
 
Which of the following are the
compositions of stainless steel 302?
 
a) 18 % chromium and 8 % nickel
b) 18 % nickel and 8 % chromium
c) 18 % chromium and 8 % phosphor
bronze
d) 18 % bronze and 8 % vanadium
The root diameter of a double square
thread is 0.55 inch. The screw has a pitch
of 0.2 inch. Find the number of thread per
inch.
 
a) 0.2 threads/inch
b) 10 threads/inch
c) 5 threads/inch
d) 2.5 threads/inch
 
A single square thread power screw is to raise a
load of 70 kN. The screw has a major diameter
of 36 mm and a pitch of 6 mm. The coefficient
of thread friction and collar friction are 0.13 and
0.10 respectively. If the collar mean diameter is
90 mm and the screw turns at 60 rpm, find the
combined efficiency of the screw and collar.
 
a) 15.32 %
b) 12.53 %
c) 13.52 %
d) 15.97 %
Determine the power capacity of a cone clutch
under uniform pressure and assuming the
following conditions: major diameter = 250
mm; minor diameter = 200 mm; length of
conical elements in contact = 125 mm;
rotational speed = 870 rpm; coefficient of
friction = 0.30; and allowable pressure = 70
kPa.
 
a) 25.74 Hp
b) 24.75 Hp
c) 27.45 Hp
d) 24.57 Hp
Three extension springs are hooked in
series that support a single weight of 100
kg. The first spring is rated at 4 kN/m and
the other two springs are rated 6 kN/m
each. Determine the equivalent stiffness of
the three springs.
 
a) 1.71 kN/m
b) 5 kN/m
c) 2.71 kN/m
d) 3.71 kN/m
These springs are made from one or more
flat strips of brass, bronze, steel or other
materials loaded as cantilevers or simple
beam.
 
a) Torsion springs
b) Leaf springs
c) Garter springs
d) Drawbar springs
 
A flat belt is 6 inches wide and 1/3 inch thick
and transmits 20 Hp. The center distance is 8
ft. The driving pulley is 6 inches in diameter
and rotates at 2 000 rpm such that the loose
side of the belt is on top. The driven pulley is
18 inches in diameter. The belt material is
0.035 lb/in3 and the coefficient of friction is
0.30. Determine the belt net tension.
 
a) 201 lb
b) 210 lb
c) 102 lb
d) 120 lb
A pulley 600 mm in diameter transmits 40
kW at 500 rpm. The arc of contact between
the belt and pulley is 155o, the coefficient of
friction between belt and pulley is 0.35 and
the safe working stress of the belt is 2.1
MPa. Determine the belt tensions ratio,
neglecting the effect of centrifugal force.
 
a) 2.578
b) 2.857
c) 5.287
d) 5.782
This refers to the space between adjacent
coils when the spring is compressed to its
operating length.
 
a) Coil clearance
b) Pitch
c) Lead
d) Deflection
Select a deep-groove ball bearing to carry a
radial load Fx = 800 lb and a thrust load Fz =
700 lb at 1750 rpm. The service is 8 hr/day,
but it is not continuous; design for 20 000 hr.
The operation is smooth with little vibration;
the outer ring rotates. Determine the design
life in mr with no more than 10 % failure.
 
a) 20100 mr
b) 2100 mr
c) 2001 mr
d) 1200 mr
Determine the Hp lost when a collar is
loaded with 2000 lb, rotates at 50 rpm, and
has a coefficient of friction of 0.15. The
outside diameter of the collar is 4 inches
and the inside diameter is 2 inches.
 
a) 0.7314 Hp
b) 0.3714 Hp
c) 0.4713 Hp
d) 0.4371 Hp
 
 
In a lathe machine, it is the diameter of the
largest workpiece it can rotate in a chuck
or between centers without hitting the
bed.
 
a) Chuck diameter
b) Swing
c) Distance between centers
d) Spindle diameter 
What load in N must be applied to a 25
mm round steel bar 2.5 m long (E = 207
Gpa) to stretch the bar 1.3 mm?
 
a) 42 000 N
b) 52 840 N
c) 53 000 N
d) 60 000 N
This is a general term that refers to the
mating of cylindrical parts such as bolt or
a hole; it is used only when the internal
member is smaller that the external
member. How do you call this?
 
a) Clearance
b) Interference
c) Allowance
d) Tolerance
A 50-mm diameter shaft is to transmit 12
kW power at a speed of 500 rpm,
determine the mean diameter of the pin,
under double shear, for a material having
a safe unit stress of 40 N/mm2.
 
a) 11.08 mm
b) 12.08 mm
c) 13.08 mm
d) 10.08 mm
 
This is a lubrication condition where non-
conformal surfaces are completely
separated by lubricant film and no
asperities are in contact. How do you call
this lubrication condition?
 
a) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication
b) Boundary lubrication
c) Hydrodynamic lubrication
d) Hydrostatic lubrication
 
A 1200 mm cast iron pulley is fastened to
112.5 mm shaft by means of a 28.13 mm
square key 175 mm long. The key and
shaft have a shearing stress of 14 000 psi.
Determine the force acting at the pulley
that will shear the key.
 
a) 10 015 lb
b) 11 005 lb
c) 11 050 lb
d) 10 501 lb
 
A 75-mm diameter shaft is transmitting
350 kW at 650 rpm. A flange coupling is
used and has 6 bolts, each 18 mm in
diameter. Find the required diameter of
the bolts circle based on an average
shearing stress of 27.5 MPa.
 
a) 245 mm
b) 254 mm
c) 452 mm
d) 425 mm
How do you call the flattened end of a
shank, and intended to fit into a driving
slot in the socket?
 
a) Handle
b) Tang
c) Relief
d) Tip 
If a sleeve bearing has an outside diameter
of 38.1 mm and a length of 50.8 mm, the
wall thickness is 3/16 inch. The bearing is
subjected to a radial load of 500 kg. What
is the bearing pressure, in psi?
 
a) 904 psi
b) 409 psi
c) 490 psi
d) 940 psi
This material is the most popular alloy spring
steel for conditions involving higher stresses
than can be used with the high-carbon steels
and for use where fatigue resistance and long
endurance are needed; this is also good for
shock and impact loads.
 
a) Chrome silicon
b) Chrome vanadium
c) hard-drawn wire
d) Oil-tempered wire
 
Determine the minimum whole depth of
spur gear of 14.5o involute type with
diametral pitch of 24 and circular pitch of
0.1309 inch.
 
a) 0.09000 inch
b) 0.08900 inch
c) 0.0899 inch
d) 0.089758 inch
 
A parallel helical gear set was a 17-tooth
pinion driving a 34-tooth gear. The pinion
has a right-hand helix angle of 30o, a normal
pressure angle of 20o, and a normal
diametral pitch of 5 teeth/in. Find the axial
circular pitches.
 
a) 1.2566 inches/tooth
b) 1.6625 inches/tooth
c) 1.6526 inches/tooth
d) 1.6256 inches/tooth
For an American Standard Screw Threads,
what does 6-32 UNC designate?
 
a) Size 6, 32 threads per inch, coarse thread
b) 6 inches basic diameter, 32 threads per
inch, coarse thread
c) Size 6, 32 threads per inch, fine thread
d) 32 inches basic diameter, 6 threads per
inch, coarse thread
Determine the Poisson’s ratio of a material
whose modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa
and whose modulus of rigidity is 80 GPa.
 
a) 0.33
b) 0.25
c) 0.38
d) 0.22
A steel has a BHN = 300. What is its
approximate ultimate strength in ksi?
 
a) 300 ksi
b) 150 ksi
c) 75 ksi
d) 200 ksi
If the angular deformation of a solid shaft
should not to exceed 1o in a length of 1.8 m
and the allowable shearing stress is 83
MMa, what is the diameter of the shaft?
Assume that the shaft material has G = 77
x 106 kPa.
 
a) 222.34 mm
b) 234.22 mm
c) 23.42 cm
d) 24.22 cm
How do you call the process of producing
the residual compressive stress of machine
parts, which is performed by directing the
a high velocity stream of hardened balls or
pellets at the surface to be treated.
 
a) Nitriding
b) Shot blasting
c) Peening
d) Tempering
Determine the Hp lost when a collar is
loaded with 2000 lb, rotates at 50 rpm, and
has a coefficient of friction of 0.15. The
outside diameter of the collar is 4 inches
and the inside diameter is 2 inches.
 
a) 0.7314 Hp
b) 0.3714 Hp
c) 0.4713 Hp
d) 0.4371 Hp
 
It is a process that produces residual
compressive stress on the machine part,
which uses a series of hammer blows on
the surface.
 
a) Nitriding
b) Shot blasting
c) Peening
d) Tempering
Two shafts 3.6 m between centers carry
pulleys 1.2 m in diameter and 0.91 m in
diameter respectively, connected by a
crossed belt. It is desired to put the belt on
as an open belt. How long a piece must be
cut of it?
 
a) 303.3 mm
b) 330 mm
c) 333.0 mm
d) 330.3 mm 
It is a surface-hardening process for alloy
steels in which the material is heated to
950 oF in a nitrogen atmosphere, typically
ammonia gas, followed by slow cooling.
 
a) Quenching
b) Nitriding
c) Shot blasting
d) Peening
A 20-tooth motor sprocket, running at
1200 rpm, drives a blower at a speed ratio
of 4:1. Using the largest permissible chain
size and the largest permissible center
distance of 80 pitches, what length of
chain in pitches is required to connect the
sprockets?
 
a) 200 pitches
b) 212 pitches
c) 216 pitches
d) 220 pitches
Which of the following gases is typically
used in nitriding process of surface
hardening?
 
a) Nitrogen gas
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Ammonia gas
d) Hydrogen gas
A 20-kW motor, running at 1200 rpm,
drives a 400 mm diameter pulley at a belt
tension ratio of 2.4. If the belt’s tight side
tension is only 1200 N, determine the
transmission efficiency.
 
a) 87.97 %
b) 84.58 %
c) 85.66 %
d) 86.55 %
A right-handed single-thread hardened-
steel worm has a catalog rating of 2.25 kW at
650 rpm when meshed with a 48-tooth cast-
steel gear. The axial pitch of the worm is 25
mm, normal pressure angle is 14.5o, and the
pitch diameter of the worm is 100 mm. The
coefficient of friction is 0.085. Determine the
shafts center distance.
 
a) 241 mm
b) 142 mm
c) 412 mm
d) 124 mm
 
Which of the following is the benefit in using
nitriding as a surface-hardening process for
alloy steels?
 
a) Improvement of endurance strength, 50 %
or more
b) Improvement of endurance strength, less
than 50 %
c) Improvement of endurance strength, more
than 50 %
d) 80 % improvement on the endurance
strength
A 20o straight-tooth bevel pinion having 14
teeth and a diametral pitch of 6 teeth/inch
drives a 42-tooth gear. The two shafts are
at right angles and in the same plane. Find
the pitch angle of the pinion.
 
a) 18.4o
b) 20o
c) 14.5o
d) 20.5o
A triple-thread worm has a lead angle of
17o and a pitch diameter of 2.2802 inches.
Find the center distance when the worm is
mated with a wheel of 48 teeth.
 
a) 6.72 inches
b) 7.26 inches
c) 6.27 inches
d) 7.62 inches
 
A double-thread worm has a pitch
diameter of 3 inches. The wheel has 20
teeth and a pitch diameter of 5 inches.
Find the gear helix angle.
 
a) 4.69o
b) 9.46o
c) 6.49o
d) 6.94o
 
A 36-tooth pinion turning at 300 rpm
drives 120-tooth gear of 14.5o involute full
depth pressure angle. Determine the rpm
of the driven gear.
 
a) 60 rpm
b) 45 rpm
c) 75 rpm
d) 90 rpm
If two parallel shafts are connected by
cylinders in pure rolling contact and
turning in the same direction, and having
a speed ratio of 2.75, what is the Center
distance of the two shafts assuming that
the diameter of the smaller cylinder is 22
cm?
 
a) 18.25 cm
b) 19.25 cm
c) 20.25 cm
d) 17.25 cm
In estimating the actual endurance
strength of steel parts, one of the factors to
be considered is the material factor, which
of the following is the recommended
material factor for cast steel?
 
a) 0.70
b) 0.80
c) 0.75
d) 1.0
How do you call the level of stress that the
part will be permitted to see under
operating conditions?
 
a) Yield stress
b) Endurance stress
c) Design stress
d) Ultimate stress
Which of the following column formulas is
applicable to cast iron columns?
 
a) Euler’s formula
b) J.B.Johnson’s formula
C) Secant formula
d) Straight line formula
Which of the following ferrous metals has
the lowest carbon content?
 
a) Carbon steel
b) Wrought iron
c) Cast iron
d) SAE 4140
Two extension coil springs are hooked in
series that support a single weight of 100
kg. The first spring is rated at 4 kN/m and
the other spring is rated at 6 kN/m.
Determine the total deflection of the
springs.
 
a) 408.6 mm
b) 486.0 mm
c) 480.6 mm
d) 460.8 mm
 
If the ultimate shear strength of a steel
plates is 42 000 psi, what force is necessary
to punch a 0.75 inch diameter hole in a
0.625 inch thick plate?
 
a) 61 850 lb
b) 65 810 lb
c) 61 580 lb
d) 60 185 lb
If stiffness is the main criterion in selecting
a material, which of the following is the
most economical choice?
 
a) SAE 3130
b) SAE 1020
c) SAE 6150
d) AISI 301, ¼ hard stainless steel
 
Which of the following materials can
easily be machined?
 
a) AISI C1020
b) AISI C1112
c) AISI C1030
d) AISI C1010
  
Wood is an ______ material; that is, its
mechanical properties are unique and
independent in three mutually
perpendicular directions—longitudinal,
radial, and tangential.
 
a) Isotopic
b) Anisotropic
c) Orthotropic
d) Any of these
A stepped torsion shaft has diameters of
16 mm and 12 mm and a fillet radius of 2
mm. The shaft is subjected to a torque of
12.5 N-m. Find the maximum induced
stress caused by the fillet. Consider a
stress concentration factor of 1.25.
 
a) 36.84 MPaa
b) 46.05 MPa
c) 38.64 MPa
d) 45.06 MPa
A steam engine that has a stroke of 12
inches has an overhung crank of 11 inches.
The maximum tangential force, P, on the
crank may be assumed as 75000 lb.
Assuming an allowable stress in shear as
4400 psi, determine the crankshaft diameter.
 
a) 4.77 inches
b) 3.77 inches
c) 2.77 inches
d) 1.77 inches
The principal raw materials used in
steelmaking are iron ore, coal, and ­
__________.
 
a) Coke
b) Limestone
c) Slag
d) Flux
The steel part is heated to a temperature of
900–1150 degrees F in an atmosphere of
ammonia gas and dissociated ammonia
for an extended period of time that
depends on the case depth desired.
 
a) Nitriding
b) Carburizing
c) Case hardening
d) Cyaniding
Determine the Hp lost when a collar is
loaded with 2000 lb, rotates at 50 rpm, and
has a coefficient of friction of 0.15. The
outside diameter of the collar is 4 inches
and the inside diameter is 2 inches.
 
a) 0.7314 Hp
b) 0.3714 Hp
c) 0.4713 Hp
d) 0.4371 Hp
The primary application of high-speed
steels is to tools used for the working of
metals __________.
 
a) That are too hard
b) at high cutting speeds
c) That are too soft
d) at slow cutting speeds
 
 
A parallel helical gear-set consists of a 19-tooth
pinion driving a 57-teeth gear. The pinion has a
left-hand helix angle of 20o, a normal pressure
angle of 14½o, and a normal diametal pitch of
10 teeth/inch. If the pinion is to transmit 50 Hp
at a speed of 1750 rpm. Determine the center
distance of the two gears.
 
a) 2.02 inches
b) 6.06 inches
c) 4.04 inches
d) 2.06 inches
In gearing, this is the ratio of the arc of
action to the circular pitch.
 
a) Speed ratio
b) Arc ratio
c) Contact ratio
d) Gear ratio
A single square thread power screw is to raise
a load of 70 kN. The screw has a major
diameter of 36 mm and a pitch of 6 mm. The
coefficient of thread friction and collar friction
are 0.13 and 0.10 respectively. If the collar
mean diameter is 90 mm and the screw turns
at 60 rpm, find the axial linear speed of the
screw.
 
a) 5 mm/s
b) 6 mm/s
c) 7 mm/s
d) 5.5 mm/s
 
Flywheel arms are usually of elliptical
cross-section, the strength of the arms
should equal ­_________the strength of the
shaft in torsion.

a) Three-fourths
b) One-half
c) Two-thirds
d) One-fourth
 
This alloy (nickel, iron, chromium, cobalt is a non-
magnetic, corrosion resistant material suitable for
sub-zero temperatures and temperatures up to
about 750 degrees F., provided that torsional
stresses are kept below 75,000 pounds per square
inch. It is precipitation-hardened to produce
hardnesses of 48 to 50 Rockwell C and is used in
watch and instrument springs.
 
a) Elinvar
b) Monel
c) Inconel
d) Dynavar
To ensure an adequate factor of
safety in the design of a shaft with
standard keyway, the key width
should be about:
 
a) One half of the shaft diameter
b) One fourth of the shaft diameter
c) One eighth of the shaft diameter
d) One third of the shaft diameter 
What is the property of matter
that causes it to resist any change
in its motion or state of rest?
 
a)Momentum
b) Kinetic Energy
c) Inertia
d) Section modulus
 
This is defined as the cutting time to
reach a predetermined wear, called
the tool wear criterion.
 
a) Wear duration
b) Cycle time
c) Tool life
d) Life cycle
Which of the following G-codes
refers to rapid traverse in CNC
machining?
 
a) G00
b) G01
c) G02
d) G03
 
An acronym in CNC machining which
means access of the machine operator to
insert machining instructions directly
into the NC machine control system via
push buttons, pressure pads, knobs, or
other arrangements.
 
a) FMS
b) FMC
c) CIM
d) MDI
The variable polarity plasma arc (VPPA)
process was developed for welding metals
that form an oxide skin, such as
___________.
 
a) Steel
b) Copper
c) Cast iron
d) Aluminum
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
 
a) The terms “polishing” and “buffing” are
sometimes applied to similar classes of work in
different plants.
b) Polishing is any operation performed with
wheels having abrasive glued to the working
surfaces
c) Buffing is done with wheels having the
abrasive applied loosely
d) Polishing is not so harsh an operation as
buffing, and it is commonly utilized to obtain
very fine surfaces having a “grainless finish.”
 
If the steel is strongly deoxidized by the
addition of deoxidizing elements, no gas
is evolved, and the steel is technically
called _______because it lies quietly in the
molds.
 
a) Quenched
b) b) Annealed
c) Killed steel
d) Tempered
 
Stainless steels generally contain at least
__ per cent chromium, with or without
other elements.
 
a) 18
b) 16
c) 12
d) 10
 
What grades of stainless steels are
nonmagnetic in the annealed condition,
although some may become slightly
magnetic after cold working?
 
a) Ferritic grades
b) Austenitic grades
c) Martensitic grades
d) Any of these
These steels (SAE Steels 1006, 1008, 1010,
1015) are the lowest carbon steels of the
plain carbon type, and are selected where ­
________ is the primary requisite of the
user.
 
a) Strength
b) Cold formability
c) Ductility
d) Durability
Steel is heated to a temperature above the
critical range, after which it is cooled in still
air to produce a generally fine pearlite
structure. The purpose is to promote
uniformity of structure and properties after a
hot-working operation such as forging or
extrusion. What was the heat treatment
involved?
 
a) Annealing
b) Normalizing
c) Tempering
d) Stress relieving 
At certain speeds called the critical speeds,
a rotating shaft will become dynamically
unstable and the resulting vibrations and
deflections can result in damage not only
to the shaft but to the machine of which it
is a part. At what percentage of the critical
speed should a shaft be safely operated?
 
a) Plus or minus 20%
b) Plus or minus 5 %
c) Plus or minus 10 %
d) Any of these
 
This is the most widely used of all spring
materials for small springs operating at
temperatures up to about 250 degrees F. It is
tough, has a high tensile strength, and can
withstand high stresses under repeated
loading.
 
a) Music wire
b) Hard drawn spring wire
c) Oil tempered spring wire
d) Stainless steel spring wire
 
It is an acronym in machining. This
process uses an electrode to remove metal
from a workpiece by generating electric
sparks between conducting surfaces.
 
a) MIG
b) GMAW
c) EDM
d) CNC
In die casting accurate parts made of steel,
what shrinkage allowance in inches per
inch is recommended?
 
a) 0.011
b) 0.022
c) 0.033
d) 0.044
 
It is a lubrication for roller chains wherein
the lubricant is supplied by a circulating
pump capable of supplying the chain
drive with a continuous flow of oil inside
the chain loop evenly across the chain
width and directly at the slack strand.
 
a) Oil stream lubrication
b) Bath lubrication
c) Drip lubrication
d) Recirculated lubrication
This is a type of seal used where some
form of relative motion occurs between
rigid parts of an assembly.
 
a) Gasket
b) Distorted seal
c) Vibratory seal
d) Dynamic seal
 
This are gears used to connect shafts that
are non-intersecting and non-parallel.
They are a cross between spriral bevel
gears and worm gears.
 
a) Helical gears
b) Hypoid gears
c) Planetary gears
d) Bevel gears 
In manufacturing, this is the operation of
cutting out flat area to some desired shape
and is usually the first step in a series of
operation.
 
a) Turning
b) Facing
c) Blanking
d) Finishing
An M-code which generally refers to start
spindle rotation in a clockwise direction.
 
a) M03
b) M04
c) M05
d) M06
A final operation to improve the polish of
a metal and to bring out the maximum
luster
 
a) Finishing
b) Surface grinding
c) Broaching
d) Buffing
Machining operations with the proper
application of a cutting fluid generally has
the following attributes except:
 
a) Higher cutting speeds
b) Higher feed rates
c) Lengthened tool life
d) Higher cutting accuracy
 
A material of construction (only developed
commercially in the late 1940’s concurrently
with zirconium) offers the unique combination
of wide ranging corrosion resistance, low
density, and high strength.
 
a) Tungsten
b) Titanium
c) Vanadium
d) Molybdenum
Which of the following is the lightest of all
structural metals?
 
a) Aluminum
b) Copper
c) Magnesium
d) Manganese
This property designates the steels
resistance to the softening effect of
elevated temperature.
 
a) Hot hardness
b) Machinability
c) Toughness
d) Elasticity
This process reduces internal stresses,
caused by machining, cold working, or
welding, by heating the steel to a
temperature below the critical range and
holding it there long enough to equalize
the temperature throughout the piece.
 
a) Annealing
b) Normalizing
c) Tempering
d) Stress Relieving
In braking, the term backstop refers to a
brake that is:
 
a) Self locking in one direction
b) Self energizing
c) Self locking in both directions
d) Any of these
How do you call a fixed crane consisting
of a supported vertical member from
which extends a horizontal swinging arm
carrying a trolley hoist or other hoisting
mechanism?
 
a) Jib crane
b) Gantry crane
c) Overhead crane
d) Tower crane
Use of hard solders, silver solders and
smelter solders which have silver, copper,
or nickel bases and have melting points
above 800 degrees F is known as_______

a) Soldering
b) Welding
c) Brazing
d) Any of these
A free-cutting steel has a higher ______
content than comparable carbon steels.
 
a) Sulfur
b) Cobalt
c) Nickel
d) Chromium
This iron is also known as a ductile cast
iron. How do you call this iron?
 
a) Malleable iron
b) Nodular cast iron
c) White cast iron
d) Gray cast iron
 
It is the ability to deform plastically to
compensate for irregularities in bearing
assembly. How do you call this?
 
a) Plasticity
b) Conformability
c) Embeddability
d) Elasticity
A material of construction (only
developed commercially in the late 1940’s
concurrently with zirconium) offers the
unique combination of wide ranging
corrosion resistance, low density, and high
strength.
 
a) Titanium
b) Tungsten
c) Vanadium
d) Molybdenum
These are steels most widely used of
engineering materials. No other material
offers comparable versatility for product
design.
 
a) Wrought steels
b) Low carbon steels
c) Medium carbon steels
d) Tool steels
Newton’s law of motion that describes that
if a force acts to change the state of motion
of the body, the body offers a resistance
equal and directly opposite to the force.
 
a) Second law
b) Third law
c) First law
d) Universal gravitation
Which of the following steels does not
readily respond to heat treatment?
 
a) SAE 1045
b) AISI 6150
c) SAE 1020
d) SAE 1095
What is an element added to steel to
improve its machinability?
 
a) Carbon
b) Sulfur
c) Cobalt
d) Chromium
Which of the following information is
FALSE regarding steel that has increased
carbon content?
 
a) Its strength is increased
b) Its BHN becomes greater
c) Its ductility is improved
d) Its % reduction or elongation is reduced
  
In manufacturing, what is the operation of
cutting out flat area to some desired shape and
is usually the first step in a series of operation?
 
a) Turning
b) Blanking
c) Facing
d) Finishing
This is a metal joining process which uses a
non-ferrous filler metal with a melting point
below that of the base metals but above
800F. How do you call this process?
 
a) Brazing
b) Arc welding
c) Soldering
d) Riveting
Rivet holes are made usually ____ inch
larger in diameter than the nominal
diameter of the rivet.
 
a) 1/8
b) 1/16
c) ¼
d) 1/32
The true stress-strain curve in a stress-
stress diagram appears to be:
 
a) Lower than the engineering stress-strain
curve
b) Higher than the engineering stress-
strain curve
c) The same as the engineering stress
strain curve
d) Symmetrical with the engineering
stress-strain curve
Which of the following is a material
description referring to unique properties
in three mutually perpendicular planes?
 
a) Isotropy
b) Anisotropy
c) Orthotropy
d) Isometry
In CNC programming, which of the
following M code commands is for a tool
change?
 
a) M06
b) M04
c) M03
d) M10
In CNC programming, which of the
following G code commands is for dwell
or rest?
 
a) G01
b) G04
c) G03
d) G02
Which of the following
equations/formulas does not belong to the
group?
 
a) Lame’s equation
b) Euler’s formula
c) J. B. Johnson’s equation
d) Secant formula
This is a hardening treatment for steels
having low carbon content.
 
a) Tempering
b) Case hardening
c) Normalizing
d) Anodizing
AFBMA is an acronym for an association
involved in what machine elements?
 
a) Ball and roller bearings
b) Journal bearings
c) Flat belts and other belt types
d) Any type of gears
This is a type of fit that requires heating
the hub to expand its inside diameter.
What do you call this type of fit?
 
a) Expansion fit
b) Force fit
c) Shrink fit
d) Any of these
This refers to a loss of material from the
interface of two metal surfaces that are in
intimate contact. How do you call this?
 
a) Interfacing
b) Interference
c) Wear
d) Fretting corrosion
What is a manufacturing process used for
the production of aluminum?
 
a) Forging
b) Extrusion
c) Blow molding
d) Injection molding
What is the general description for mild
steel?
 
a) Medium carbon steel
b) Low carbon steel
c) High carbon steel
d) Cold rolled steel
Von Mises theory is the other term used
for
 
a) Maximum principal stress theory
b) Octahedral shear-stress theory
c) Maximum shear-stress theory
d) Energy distortion theory
A coupling that allows axial
flexibility/movement in the operation.
Made of alternate bolting of steel, leather,
fabric and/or plastic material into two
flanges.
 
a) Flexible disk coupling
b) Flexible toroidal spring coupling
c) Flexible Oldham coupling
d) Elastic material bonded coupling
 
It is a machine member that supports
another part that rotates, slides, or
oscillates in or on it.
 
a) Pulley
b) Key
c) Bearing
d) Shaft
It is a bearing that permits constrained
relative motion of rigid parts; lubricant is
generally inserted or supplied between the
mating surfaces to reduce friction and
wear, and to carry away the heat
generated.
 
a) Sliding Contact Bearing
b) Rolling Contact Bearing
c) Thrust Bearing
d) Journal Bearing
These are surfaces that do not conform to
each other very well as in the rolling-
element bearings.
 
a) Conformal surfaces
b) Non-conformal surfaces
c) Sliding surfaces
d) Rolling surfaces
In the design of key, the typical hub
lengths are in accordance with the
following relation where D is shaft
diameter.
 
a) 1.25D to 2.4D
b) 0.5D to 1.25D
c) 2.4D to 3.5D
d) Depends on shaft diameter
A type of key in which width and
thickness are equal is called as:
 
a) Flat key
b) Square key
c) Pin key
d) Barth key
The study of lubrication, friction, and
wear of moving or stationary parts is
known as:
 
a) Lubrication
b) Tribology
c) Hydrodynamics
d) Hydrostatics
“For a planar four-bar linkage, the sum of
the shortest and longest lengths cannot be
greater than the sum of the remaining two
link lengths if there is to be a continuous
relative rotation between two members.”
How do you call the preceding statement?
 
a) Grubler’s Law
b) Coriolli’s Law
c) Grashof’s Law
d) Freudentein’s Law
It is a Grashof four-bar mechanism in
which the shortest link is the frame or
fixed link and the other two cranks
completely rotate with their axes. How do
you call this Grashof four-bar mechanism?
 
a) Drag-link mechanism
b) Crank-rocker mechanism
c) Double-rocker mechanism
d) Triple-rocker mechanism
In a straight bevel gear, how do you call
the angle between an element on the pitch
cone and an element on the face cone?
 
a) Face angle
b) Pitch angle
c) Addendum angle
d) Dedendum angle 
A bearing where surfaces are non-
conformed and motion is primarily
rolling; it composed of rolling elements
interposed between an outer ring and
inner ring.
 
a) Sliding-element bearing
b) Rolling-element bearing
c) Conformal surfaces bearing
d) Non-conformal surfaces bearing
Which of the following is not true for an
instant center or centro of planar linkages?
 
a) Centro is a point common to two bodies
having the same velocity in each.
b) Centro is a point in one body about which
another body does not rotate.
c) Centro is a point in one body about which
another body actually turns.
d) Centro is a point in one body about which
another body tends to turn.
How do you call a cutting tool that has
two or more cutting edges as in drill
presses and milling machine cutters?
 
a) Grinder
b) Single-point cutting tool
c) Multi-point cutting tool
d) Two point cutting tool
This is a shaper operation, which is
shaping the given stock and having the
excess material remain with a tolerable
allowance for finishing. How do you call
this operation?
 
a) Roughing
b) Finishing
c) Angular cutting
d) Contouring
This is the most common work holding
device of a shaper machine with the base
graduated in degrees that make it possible
to swivel any angle. What is this working
device?
 
a) Shaper vise
b) Parallel bars and hold down bars
c) Lathe holder
d) Swivel head
This is the trade name for a patented alloy
made up chiefly of cobalt, chromium, and
tungsten in varying proportions. What is
this trade name?
 
a) Stellite
b) Carboloy
c) Stainless steel
d) Copper
It may be defined as the displacement per
length produced in a solid and as the
result of stress. How do you call this?
 
a) Deformation
b) Elongation
c) Strain
d) Stress
It is defined as synergistic collection of
machine elements; synergistic because as a
design it represents an idea or concept
greater than the sum of the individual
pats. What is this system?
 
a) System of mechanisms
b) Mechanical system
c) Design system
d) Expert system
This is a combination of mechanisms and
other components that transforms,
transmits, or uses energy, load, or motion
for a specific purpose. How do you call
this?
 
a) Mechanism
b) Engine
c) Machine
d) Linkage
It is called as the transformation of
concepts and ideas into useful machinery.
What is this?
 
a) Design
b) Synthesis
c) Analysis
d) Theorem
What is the combination of applied
normal and shear stresses that produces
maximum principal normal stress or
minimum principal normal stress, with a
third principal stress between or
equivalent to the extremes?
 
a) Principal shear stress
b) Principal normal stress
c) Maximum shear stress
d) Bending and shear stresses
It is a failure prediction theory, which
states that a part subjected to any
combination of loads will fail (by yielding
or fracturing) whenever the maximum
shear stress exceeds a critical value. How
do you call this failure prediction theory?

a) Distortion-energy theory
b) Maximum-shear-stress theory
c) Internal friction theory
d) Modified Mohr theory
What is the other term for the Maximum-
Shear-Stress Theory, as a failure prediction
theory?
 
a) von Mises criterion
b) Tresca yield criterion
c) Coulomb-Mohr theory
d) Modified Mohr theory
What is the ability of the material to
absorb energy up to fracture?
 
a) Toughness
b) Rigidity
c) Resilience
d) Stiffness
How do you call a load that is applied
transversely to longitudinal axis of
member?
 
a) Combined loads
b) Concentrated load
c) Bending load
d) Distributed load
What is the algebraic difference between a
size and the corresponding basic size?
 
a) Tolerance
b) Allowance
c) Deviation
d) Limit 
What is the difference between the
maximum and minimum size limits of a
part?
 
a) Allowance
b) Tolerance
c) Deviation
d) Basic size
This is a theory in cyclic and impact
loading, which states that damage at any
stress level, is proportional to number of
cycles. What is this theory commonly
called?
 
a) Miner’s Rule
b) Paris Power Law
c) Goodman Rule
d) Manson-Coffin Relationship
This is a lubrication where the load-carrying
surfaces of the bearing are separated by a
relatively thick film of lubricant, so as to
prevent metal-to-metal contact; and where the
stability of the film can be explained by the
laws of fluid mechanics. How do you call this
type of lubrication?
 
a) Hydrostatic lubrication
b) Hydrodynamic lubrication
c) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication
d) Boundary lubrication
How do call the speed at which a rotating
shaft becomes dynamically unstable?
 
a) Normal speed
b) Variable speed
c) Critical speed
d) Average speed
How do you call a ball bearing with race
containing pronounced groove for rolling
elements?
 
a) Crown bearing
b) Conrad bearing
c) Angular-contact bearing
d) Cylindrical bearing
This is a machining process for producing
internal straight cylindrical surface or
profiles, with process characteristics and
tooling similar to those for turning
operations. What is this machining
process?
 
a) Boring
b) Drilling
c) Reaming
d) Milling 
What is a set of specification for parts,
materials, or processes intended to achieve
uniformity, efficiency, and a specified
quality?
 
a) Code
b) Standard
c) Law
d) Theorem
This is a set of specifications for the analysis,
design, manufacture, and construction of
something; the purpose of which is to
achieve a specified degree of safety,
efficiency, and performance or quality. How
do you call this set of specifications?
 
a) Code
b) Standard
c) Law
d) Theorem
How do call the size to which limits or
deviations is assigned and is the same for
both members of the fit; it is the exact
theoretical size?
 
a) Nominal size
b) Basic size
c) Maximum size
d) Minimum size
This is used either for very accurate
angular measurements or for locating
work at a given angle; is used together
with precision gage blocks. What is this?
 
a) Protractor
b) Compound rest
c) Sine bar
d) Micrometer
Bonus Elements….
In a complex phenomenon and maybe be caused by
nonuniform deformation during rolling or by the
presence of deflects in the original cast billet.
Aligatoring
 
Heading processing can be carried out cold, warm,
or hot; they are be performed on machines called
Headers
 
Is essentially an upsetting operation, usually
performed at the end of a round rod or wire in order
to produce a larger cross-section.
Heading
Consist of pressing a hardened punch, having a particular
tip geometry, into the surface of block of metal.
Hubbing
 
A process similar to roll forging
Skew Forging
 
Is a process in which a blank is forged into a shape with a
tool that forms the blank in several small steps
Incremental Forging
 
The dies are heated to the same temperature as that of the
hot workpiece.
Isothermal Forging or hot-die forging
 
A solid rod or tube is subjected to radial
impact forces by a set of reciprocating dies.
Swaging
 
Is generally defined as the capability of a
material to undergo deformation without
cracking.
Forgeability
 
Punching a number of holes in a sheet
Perforating
Leaving a tab without removing any material
Lancing  
 
Removing pieces ( or various shapes) from the edges
Notching
 
Is a process of bending the edges of sheet metals,
usually to 90 deg.
Flanging
 
Involves joining two edges of sheet metal by
hammering
Seaming
Is the process whereby green compacts are heated in
controlled – atmosphere furnace to a temperature below
the melting point, but sufficiently high to allow bonding
of the individual particles
Sintering
 
Were introduced in 1960’s. they typically 70% aluminum
oxide and 30% titanium carbide
Cermets
 
Of all known materials, the hardest substance is ______.
It has low friction, high wear resistance and the ability to
maintain a sharp cutting edge.
Diamond
To enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by a
previous process or to produce circular internal
grooves.
Boring
 
To produced a regular shaped roughness on
cylindrical surfaces, as in making knobs.
Knurling
 
Because of friction between the specimen and the
platens, the specimen’s cylindrical surface
bulges ; this effect is called.
Barreling
Is usually defined as resistance to permanent
indentation.
Hardness
 
Test involves pressing a steel or tungsten –
carbide ball 10 mm diameter against a surface
, with a load of 500 kg, 1500 kg, or 3000 kg.
Brinell Test
 
This test measures the depth of penetration
instead of the diameter of the indention.
Rockwell Test
Formerly known as the diamond pyramid hardness
test, uses a pyramid – shaped diamond indenter
and a load ranges from 1kg to 120 kg
Vickers Test
 
Uses to measure the hardness of rubber, plastics,
and similar soft and elastic non – metallic materials.
Durometer
 
Is a phenomenon in which carbon atoms in steels
segregates to dislocations , thereby pinning them
and, in this way, increasing the resistance to
dislocation movement.
Strain Aging
Is a phenomenon characterized by high permeability
and permanent magnetization that are due to
alignment of iron, nickel, and cobalt atoms into
domains.
Ferromagnetism
 
Exhibited by some materials, such as quartz crystals
and some ceramic materials , such as cubic ferrites.
Piezoelectric Effect

In this structure, graphite exists largely in the form of

flakes. When it is broken, the fracture path is along the
graphite flakes and has, therefore gray, sooty
appearance.
Gray Cast Iron
The steel is formed into desired shapes
within controlled ranges of temperature
and time to avoid formation of non
martensitic transformation products.
Ausforming
 
Improves strength and hardness at
elevated temperatures.
Cobalt
The End