Fluor U&O Project
Fall Protection and Working at
Heights Training
福陆公共设施和场外施工项目
坠落保护和高空作业培训
Ladder Safety Accident
梯子安全事故
Why Fall Protection?
为什么需要坠落保护？
Do your hands get sweaty when you watch someone working from
heights?
当你看到有人在进行高空作业时，你的手心是否会出汗？
Do you know anyone who has fallen off a deck or roof?
你知道有人从甲板或屋顶上坠落过吗？
Falls from heights account for more than 30% of the fatalities in the
construction industry!
施工行业 30% 的死亡事故是因为高空坠落。
This is a number that can be reduced, a trend that can be reversed, with
proper training and awareness by those employees who work at heights!
通过对高空作业人员正确的培训和教育，这个数字是可以被减少的。
Remember! Before you work at a height that requires Fall Protection, you
must receive training in height associated hazards!
记住！高空作业前，必须要接受相关的高空作业安全培训！
To improve upon the
past, we must care
about our future!
在过去的基础上要取
得进步，我们必须要
关注将来！
We have come a long way, but there is always room for improvement!
高空作业时来已久，但一直会有空间去取得更多的进步！
Fall Protection Training Goals
坠落保护培训目标
Identify Fall Hazards! 识别危险
Learn the work rules used on the project!
掌握项目的作业规定
Learn about safe practices to use when working at heights!
掌握高空作业中的安全作业行为
Learn about Fall Prevention! 掌握预防坠落的要点
Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS) 个人坠落保护系统
Dangers associated with suspension
高空坠落身体悬挂的危险
TEST 测试
Fall Protection Requirements
坠落保护要求
General Industry regulations 总则
Platforms, equipment used to lift workers
平台，用来承载人员升降的设备
Construction industry regulations 施工行业规定
Scaffolds, cranes, steel erection, tunneling, stairways,
ladders, mobile work platforms
脚手架，起重机，钢结构安装，隧道，楼梯，梯子，移动
工作平台
Rule of thumb 经验法则
When working 1.8 m (5.9 ft) or more above a lower level,
some form of fall protection is required
离地面 1.8 米以上的作业必须要有坠落保护措施。
Hazard Recognition
危险识别
Tripping over tools, materials, etc.
被工具和材料等绊倒。
Workers not aware of their location
员工不清楚自己的工作环境。
Failure to use required fall protection
没有执行正确的坠落保护措施。
Dropping objects 物体坠落
Lifting people with improper equipment
人员使用不正确的设备进行高处作业
Using inadequate anchoring points
使用没有足够强度的锚固点
Aboveground Working Rules
高空作业规定
Use a mobile work platform only if you’re trained and authorized
只有经过培训的合格人员才可以使用移动工作平台。
Only trained and authorized employees should work on elevated areas
只有经过培训的合格人员才可以进行高空作业。
Stay away from edges, unless you are working there
除非是临边作业，否则禁止靠近临边。
Never run when working above ground
高空作业时禁止奔跑。
Listen for verbal warnings
听从口头警告
Aboveground Working Rules
高空作业规定
Hardhats must have chin-straps and they must be worn!
安全帽的帽带必须要系紧。
Anchor all tools! (It is suggested that tools be anchored
to the work location not to the employee to prevent
injury to the employee in the event of a fall.)
固定工具！（建议工具不要系挂在人员身体上，
一旦坠落会有伤害危险。）
If safety nets cannot be used, barricade the area directly
under the work location!
如果无法使用安全网，在高空作业下方需要进行围
护。
Unprotected Sides & Edges
Unprotected edge
or leading edge
Unprotected sides and edges must
have guardrails or equivalent
TOOL LANYARD (Example)
Positioning Lanyard
Good Work Practices
Perform work at ground level if possible
Example: building prefab roofs on the ground
and lifting into place with a crane
Tether or restrain workers so they can't
reach the edge
Designate and use safety monitors (This is
less desirable of all the systems)
Use conventional fall protection
Falling Objects
When working above ground:
Don’t leave tools or materials where they
might be kicked over the edge or tripped
over.
Don’t throw items over the edge.
Wearhard hats when working under an
aboveground work area.
FALLING OBJECTS
VIDEO
FALLING OBJECTS LESSONS LEARNED
• Effective communication and coordination between
adjacent work crews and Supervisors.
• Clear and visible barricading that does not give mixed
messages as to the hazards in the area (i.e., mixing red
(Danger) and yellow (Caution) barricade tape).
• Proper rigging techniques being utilized and inspecting
all equipment for any signs of defects or damage.
• Securing loose materials and providing containers for
small items. (Do not look the other way and walk by
unsafe conditions just because it’s not your tool or
material.)
• Ensuring open holes and leading edges have the
appropriate fall protection systems installed (i.e., hole
covers, toe boards, debris netting, etc.)
Guardrails
Barrier along an
open edge
Top rails 42” +/- 3”
Mid-Rail halfway
Toe-boards at least
8.9 cm (3 1/2 in)
high
Withstand 90.9 Kg Top Rail
(200 lbs.) of force
Mid- Rail
Toe-board
Eddie Working At Heights
THE NEXT SLIDE IS
EXTREMELY GRAPHIC
A 19 YEAR OLD GIRL WHO FELL HEAD FIRST OVER A
GUARD-RAIL 3 STORIES
Safety Nets
Safety devices located
under elevated workers
Place as close as
possible, but no more than
9.1 m (30 ft) below where
employees work
Made of strong rope mesh
Capable of withstanding a
drop-test of 180kg
(392lbs) from 1.1m (3.0ft)
Inspection requirements
Other Fall Protection Devices
Controlled Access Zones
(CAZ) (Applies to Brick-laying
or Roof Construction only)
Warning line system
Safety monitoring
Personal Fall Arrest System
Worker tied to fixed object.
Harness to be worn.
Lanyard, lifeline, deceleration device.
Never use to lift workers or objects!
Never use to move equipment or
materials!
Use for Personal Fall Arrest
Working above a
lower level
Worker positioning
Worker restraint
Climbing
Worker riding or
lifting
Lanyards and PFAS in use
Arresting Forces
The act of falling is not painful
Striking an object or sudden stopping
causes pain
Body weight X the fall distance = force
Body Belts
As of January 1, 1998, use of body belt for fall
arrest is prohibited by OSHA
Damage to spine and internal organs
Average tolerable suspension time is 90 seconds
Maximum of only 409 Kg (900 lbs.) of arresting
force
Fluor does not permit the use of body belts on
any projects!
Work Restraint
Snug around midsection
D-ring at the center of the back
Harness
Arresting forces on thighs, pelvis,
waist, chest and shoulders
Harness rated for 818.2 Kg (1,800
lbs) of arresting forces
Tolerable suspension time of 15
minutes
If you fall, during suspension DO
NOT REMAIN STATIC! Move
around!
D-rings
Upper back for fall arrest
Sides for positioning
Front for rescue or suspension
Harness
Pants pockets shall be empty. Anything in a
pocket may be forced into the crotch and pierce
the femoral artery. If the femoral artery is
pierced, you can bleed to death in four (4)
minutes or less.
Leg straps shall be fitted snugly to the crotch.
The force of a loose strap sliding up in a fall will
injure genitalia of both genders.
Harness shall be worn outside of all clothing.
Lanyard must always free to support you
directly, without the interference of clothing.
Harness
Waist belt shall be snug.
Shoulder straps shall be snug.
When adjusting straps, bend knees and back.
Upon standing straight the straps should fit
snugly.
The Retractable Life Line (vertical) shall
always be connected directly to the dorsal D-
ring. Never wear a lanyard between a
harness and a retractable life line.
INSTRUCTOR
DEMONSTRATION
The Instructor will Now demonstrate the correct
Way to put-on, adjust and wear a PFAS (Full Body
Harness) with a shock absorbing lanyard attached.
REMEMBER ANY TIE-OFF POINT MUST BE
ABOVE YOUR HEAD!
Lanyard
Connects harness to lifeline or anchor
Stretching or tearing system absorbs shock,
prevents bouncing to reduce arresting forces
Steel provides no give, so large arresting forces
Nylon rope gives mild arresting forces, however it
bounces, so lots of jolts
No knots or wrapping around sharp objects
Lanyard (Examples)
Lanyard & Anchorage Strap
(Examples)
Beam Trolley
Anchorage
Deceleration Device
Dissipates a substantial amount of
energy during a fall arrest
Rip-stitch, tearing, or stretching lanyard
Rope grab device
Retracting lifelines or lanyards
A Lifeline is…
A rope or webbed material only
To connect personal fall arrest system
to an anchor point
Hanging vertically from one anchor
point
Stretching horizontally between two
anchor points
Life Lines and Rope Grabs
(Examples)
Anchorage
Located directly above you
Avoid swinging
Clear drop zone
Can withstand 2,272.72 Kg (5,000 lbs.) of force
Don’t use guardrail or other item that may break
Ask a supervisor or Safety Representative if
unsure about proper anchor points
Check the STA to see if the anchor points have
been identified with any special colored tape
I-Beam Anchor Point
I-Beam Anchor Point
With Extension Strap
Beam Anchor Point
Connectors
Connectors are vital parts of the fall
protection system
Includes self-locking snaphooks
Nonlocking snaphooks cannot be part of
personal fall arrest systems
Do not link similar connectors together
Never tie a knot for a connection
Equipment Inspection
Signing Safety Task Analysis (STA) form indicates
employees verification that they have inspected.
Inspect before every use (Start of day, after
breaks/lunch)
Cuts, tears. Abrasions, stitches coming out
Cracks or burrs
Parts move freely
No alterations
Appropriate labels
Record monthly Competent Person inspections on the
monthly log sheet. (Equipment has a 5 year life)
Color coded tape reflecting current monthly color
Safety Task Analysis (STA)
Required for all tasks performed
on all Project Sites.
Contractor Supervisor is the
Responsible Person (RP) to
complete (not the Safety
Representative (SR)).
FAL Conducts an HSE Training
Course for those who have to
write STA’s to cover tasks that
their employees will perform.
Permits
ELEVATED WORK PERMIT
Must be attached to the STA.
Required in addition to a
Scaffolding Permit.
Must be signed by all
“Authorized” signers as
required in Section A.
Only valid for 1 Shift.
Pre and Post Inspections must
be completed.
Rescue Plan
Each Contractor must have
a rescue plan attached to
their job specific Safety
Task Analysis (STA)
Employees must be trained
on the Rescue Plan
Limit Hanging / suspension
time, employees must be
trained on the hazards
associated with
suspensions and time
Suspension Dangers
Safety harnesses are used in a wide range of
situations
Fall Protection
Confined Spaces
Mountain Climbers
A little known fact is that these same harnesses,
intended to protect, can also severely injure and
even kill the person wearing them!
Suspension Dangers
Harnesses can become deadly when a
worker is suspended for duration’s over
five minutes in an upright posture, with
the legs relaxed straight beneath the
body.
This can occur in many different
situations in general industry or
construction work
Suspension Trauma
Suspension trauma death is caused by
orthostatic incompetence (also called
orthostatic intolerance)
Orthostatic intolerance can occur any time a person
is required to stand quietly for prolong periods and
may be worsened by heat and dehydration.
It is most commonly encountered in military parades
where soldiers must stand at attention for prolonged
periods.
Suspension Trauma
InSuspension trauma, several unfortunate
things occur that aggravate the problem.
First,the worker is suspended in an upright posture
with legs dangling.
Second, the safety harness straps exert pressure
on leg veins, compressing them and reducing blood
flow back to the heart.
Third, the harness keeps the worker in an upright
position, regardless of loss of consciousness,
which can eventually be fatal.
Phases of Fall Protection
There are four phases of fall protection:
Before the fall
At fall arrest
Suspension
Rescue
Phases of Fall Protection
Before the fall
They key issue of fall protection before the fall
is compliance.
Ifa harness is too uncomfortable, too inconvenient, or
interferes too much with task completion, workers may
not use the equipment or may modify it (illegally) to
make it more tolerable.
A second major point is the length of the attachment
lanyard, or, how far can a worker fall before his fall is
arrested
Phases of Fall Protection
At fall arrest
The whole concept of fall protection is that
workers who fall will be stopped by the
tethering system.
Phases of Fall Protection
Suspension
Many safety professionals have naturally
assumed that, once a fall has been arrested, the
fall protection system has successfully completed
its job.
Unfortunately, this is not the case. A worker
suspended in an upright position with legs
dangling in a harness of any type is subject to
suspension trauma.
Phases of Fall Protection
Rescue
Rescue must come rapidly to minimize the
dangers of suspension trauma. The
circumstances together with the lanyard
attachment point will determine the
possibilities of self-rescue.
Phases of Fall Protection
Rescue
In situations where self-rescue is not likely to be
possible, workers must be supervised at all times
or must rely upon others, because a worker may
lose consciousness in only a few minutes. Time
is of the essence!
Employers must develop and train employees to
their specific aerial rescue plans, these plans
should have contingencies for multiple types of
rescue!
Recommendations
Before the potential fall:
Where possible, workers should not be permitted to
work alone in a harness.
Rope/cable tenders must make certain the harness
user is conscious at all times … Communication!
Time in suspension should be limited to under five
minutes. Longer suspensions must have foothold
straps or means for putting weight on the legs.
Recommendations
Before the potential fall:
Harnesses should be selected for specific
applications and must consider: compliance
(convenience), potential arrest injury, and
suspension trauma.
Suspension Trauma Foot-straps should be pro
vided!
Tie-off
lanyards should be anchored overhead
and as taunt as work permits. Must be
capable of supporting 5000 lbs.
Recommendations
After a fall:
Worker should be trained to try to move their
legs in the harness and try to push against
any footholds, DO NOT REMAIN STATIC!
Workers suspended in a harness should be
trained to try to get their legs as high as
possible and their heads as close to
horizontal as possible.
Recommendations
After a fall:
Ifthe worker is suspended upright, emergency
measures must be taken to remove the worker
from suspension or move the fallen worker into a
horizontal posture, or a least to a sitting position.
Allpersonnel should be trained that suspension in
an upright position for longer than five minutes can
be fatal.
Recommendations
For harness rescues:
The victims should not be suspended in a vertical
(upright) posture with the legs dangling straight. Victims
should be kept as nearly horizontal as possible, or a
least in a sitting position.
Rescuers should be trained that victims who are
suspended vertically before rescue are in a potentially
fatal situation.
Recommendations
Recommendations on harnesses:
Itmay be advantageous in some circumstances to locate
the lanyard or tie-off attachment of the harness as near
to the body’s center of gravity as possible to reduce the
whiplash and other trauma when a fall is arrested. This
also facilitates moving head downward while suspended.
Front (stomach or chest) rather than rear (back) harness
lanyard attachment points could aid uninjured workers in
self-rescue.
Recommendations
Recommendations on harnesses:
Ifa worker is required to spend time hanging in a harness,
a harness with a seat (rather than straps alone) should be
used to help position the upper legs horizontally.
A gradual arrest device, (shock-absorbing lanyard),
should always be used to lessen deceleration impact.
Communicate these potential hazards to all harness-
wearing workers.
Positioning Chair FBH must be worn and tied-off to an
independent life-line
Conclusions
Safety harnesses prevent injury and have saved
many lives.
However, continual diligence is needed to train and
supervise workers to ensure harnesses are used
safely.
All phases of fall protection need to be examined for
each particular application.
Workers and emergency response personnel must
be trained to recognize the risks of suspension
trauma.
Summary
Understand and recognize potential hazards
Keep tools and materials organized and away
from edges
Reduce arresting forces by limiting fall
distance
Use decelerating devices to reduce arresting
forces
Inspect your equipment prior to each use
