Medication administration

Fundamental of nursing
Aligarh college of nursing
Nursing instructor: SANA ZAFAR
 CALCULATING DOSAGE
• Several formals use to calculate drugs
dose on hand = desired dose
quantity on hand quantity desired
For example, erthromyocin 500mg is ordered, it
is supplied in a liquid form 250mg per 5 ml . To
calculate the dosage
250mg\ 5ml = 500mg\x
250x = 500* 5
 CALCULATING DOSAGE
• X = 500*5\ 250
• X = 10ml
 CALCULATING DOSAGE
• Amount to administer (x) =
desired dose \ dose on hand * quantity on
hand
For example heparin is often distributed in vials
in prepared dissolution of 10,000 units per
millimeter . If the order call for 5000units,
then nurse can preceding formula
 CALCULATING DOSAGE
X = 5000 \ 10000 * 1
x = 1\2 ml
therefore the nurse inject 0.5ml for a 5000 unit
dose
 Calculating drip rates
•First convert volume to milliliters and
then use this formula
•drops per 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
• 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣 𝑜 𝑙 𝑢 𝑚 𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ×𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 \
• 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 × 60
•Drop factor is the drops per milliliter given
to the patient.
•Drop factor for macro set is 15 and micro
set is 60
 Calculating dose
4. Calculating dose according to body
weight
•Total dose = prescribed dose x
patient’s weight
 Calculating drip rates
• order 45ml per hour
• 45 * 15\ 1 * 60
• 675\60
Drop per min = 11
Parenteral Administration of Medications

• Parenteral administration of medications is

Ampul via
e l
Syringes
Syringes have three parts:
1. The tip, which
connects with
the needle
2. The barrel, or
outside part, on
which the scales are
printed
3. The plunger, which
fits inside the barrel
 Several kinds of syringes are available
in differing sizes, shapes, and materials.
Syringes range in sizes from 1 to 60 mL.
A nurse typically uses a syringe
ranging from 1 to 3 mL in size for
injections (e.g. subcutaneous or
intramuscular).
• Insulin syringes are
available in sizes that hold
0.3 to 1 mL and are
calibrated in units.
• The tuberculin syringe has
a capacity of 1 mL.

• 5 ml syringe

• 3 ml syringe

• Tuberculin syringe

• Insulin syringe
 Needles
• Most needles are made
of stainless steel, and
all are disposable.
• A needle has three
parts:
1. The hub, which fits
onto the tip of a
syringe
2. The shaft, which
connects to the
hub
3. The bevel, the tip
Needle size
• 19
gauge

• 20
gauge

• 21
gauge

• 23
gauge
• The gauge varies from 18 to [Link]
longer needles for IM injections and a
shorter needle for subcutaneous
injections.
 Preventing needle stick injuries
• One of the most potentially hazardous
procedures that health care personnel
face is using and disposing of needles
and sharps.
• Needlestick injuries present a major risk
for infection with hepatitis B virus,
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
and many other pathogens.
• Use appropriate puncture-proof disposal
containers to dispose of uncapped
needles and sharps.
• Never throw sharps in wastebaskets.
• Never recap used needles
• When recapping a needle, Use a one-
handed “scoop” method.
 Cannula
A cannula is a flexible tube that can be
inserted into the body. A venous cannula is
inserted into a vein, for the administration of
intravenous fluids, for obtaining blood
samples and for administering medicines.
 Types of cannula are
• IV cannula pen-like model.
• IV cannula with wings model.
• IV cannula with injection part
model.
• IV cannula y-type model.
Pen-like model
With wings model
Y-type model
Size of cannula
 Routes of parenteral therapies
• Intra-dermal
• Subcutaneous
• Intramuscular
• Intra Venous
• Advanced
techniques:
– Epidural
– Intra-thecal
– Intra-osseous
– Intra-peritonial
– Intra-plural
– Intra-arterial
 Intradermal Injections
• An intradermal (ID) injection is the
administration of a drug into the dermal layer of
the skin just beneath the epidermis. Usually
only a small amount of liquid is used, for
example 0.1ml. This method of administration is
frequently used for allergy testing and
tuberculosis (TB) screening.
• Use a tuberculin or small
hypodermic syringe for skin
testing.
• The angle of insertion for an
intradermal injection is 5 to 15
degrees
• After injecting the medication, a small bleb
resembling a mosquito bite appears on the
surface of the skin.
 Subcutaneous Injections
The subcutaneous injection
sites include
• The outer posterior aspect of
the upper arms
• The abdomen
• The anterior aspects of the
thighs
• The scapular areas of the
upper back
• The upper ventral or
dorsal gluteal areas.
Kinds of drugs
commonly
administered:
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medications
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• Only small volumes
(0.5 to
1.5 mL) of medications
are given subcutaneously.
• The angle of insertion for a
subcutaneous injection is
45 degrees
 Intramuscular Injections
• The angle of insertion for an IM injection
is 90 degrees. 2 to 5 ml of medication
can be administered into a larger muscle
for an adult.