NUTRITIONAL
PROBLEMS
Presenter
Priyanka Gehlot
M. Sc.(Prev.)
INTRODUCTION
Nutrition is a major concern of the mankind beginning
from the time of conception & extending through entire
life span.
Nutrition is the provision to the cells & tissues of the
organism, of the materials necessary to support life,
through food.
TERMINOLOGIES
NUTRITION: The word Nutrition is the science of
foods the study of nutrients and other substances therein,
their action, interaction and balance in relationship to
disease.
HEALTH: It is the state of complete physical, mental
and emotional well being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.
NUTRIENTS: These are the components of food that
help to nourish the body. The basic nutrients are CHO,
proteins, vitamins, lipids (fats), minerals and water.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS: It is the condition of the
body as it relates to consumption and utilization of food.
TERMINOLOGIES
MALNUTRITION: Defined as a pathological state
resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency or excess
of one or more essential nutrients.
UNDERNUTRITION: Condition that results when
insufficient food is consumed over an extended period of
time.
OVERNUTRITION: Pathological state resulting from
the consumption of excessive quantity of food over an
extended time.
IMBALANCE: Pathological state resulting from
disproportion among essential nutrients with or without
the absolute deficiency of any nutrient
DEFINITION
Nutrition is defined as the science of food and its
relationship to health.
Nutrition is nourishment or energy that is
obtained from food consumed or the process of
consuming the proper amount of nourishment and
energy.
Nutritional Requirement
NUTRITIONAL STATUS ASSESSMENT
The assessment method includes-
Clinical examination
Anthropometry
Biochemical evaluation
Assessment of dietary intake
Vital and health statistics
Ecological studies
NUTRITION PROBLEM INCIDENCE
India ranked 102nd position among 117th
countries on Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2019
report released by Washington-based International
Food Policy Research
https://www.globalhungerindex.org/india.html
NUTRITION PROBLEM INCIDENCE
PEOPLE AT RISK
People who are risk of having nutritional problem-
Pregnant women
Lactating women
Infants
Preschool children
Adolescent girls
Elderly
Socially deprived population
COMMON NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN INDIA
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEM
PROTEIN MICRONUT
ENERGY RIENT CHRONIC EATING
MALNUTRI DEFICIENC DISEASES DISORDERS
TION Y
PROTEIN
ENERGY
MALNUTRITIO
N (PEM)
PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
Definition: Protein energy
malnutrition (PEM) is a form
of malnutrition that is defined as a
range of pathological conditions
arising from coincident lack of
dietary protein and energy in varying
proportions.
Incidence: Protein energy malnutrition
occurs particularly in weaklings and
children in the first year of life
The incidence of PEM in India in pre-
school age children is 1-2%
MALNUTRITION /INFECTION CYCLE
Inadequate
dietary intake
Appetite loss
Nutrition loss
Malabsorbtion
Altered metabolism
Weight loss
Growth faltering
Immunity lowered
Mucosal damage
Disease; incidence
and prevalence
,duration, severity
CLINICAL FORMS OF PEM
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Principle
features of
marasmus
and
kwashiorkor
KWASHIORKOR
Definition: This is caused by severe protein
deficiency
Kwashiorkor occurs in
children between 2-3
years of age
MARASMUS
Definition: It is a type of protein energy
malnutrition in which there is simultaneous
deficiency of protein and food colories
Common type of PEM
observed among children
below 1 year of age.
KWASHIORKOR MARASMUS
SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS
There is loss of appetite with stunted growth Shrivelled appearance of child
in children.
Stomach usually protrudes out Ribs become prominent
Face has bulging eyes Retarded physical and mental growth
Legs become long and curved Digestive disorder and reported diarrhoea
Hair may lose its lustre and skin may Skin becomes dry and wrinkled
become dark and peel off
PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF PEM
Health promotion measures
Exclusive breast feeding for six months thereafter
supplementary foods may be introduces along with breast
feeds
Immunization for infants and children
Nutritional supplements early diagnosis and treatment
Promotion of breast feeding, Low cost weaning food, nutrition
education, family planning and birth spacing
Protein energy rich food(milk, egg, fresh fruits),
Early diagnosis and treatment
Nutritional Rehabilitation
MICRONUTRIENT
DEFICIENCY
MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
Definition: Micronutrient
deficiencies are defined as a lack
of essential vitamins and
minerals required in small
amounts by the body for proper
growth and development.
●
Xerophthalmia
●
Nutritional Anemia
●
Iodine Deficiency
Disorders(IDD)
●
Fluorosis
●
Lathyrism
XEROPHTHALMIA
Definition: dry eyes refer to all the ocular
manifestations of vitamin A deficiency. It is the most
widespread and serious nutritional disorder leading to
blindness
Clinical Features:
Corneal ulcers
Softening of cornea
Keratomalacia
Bitot Spot
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
Definition: a condition in which the Hb content of blood lower
then normal has a result of a deficiency of one or more essential
nutrients. Primarily due to lack of absorbable iron in the diet
Clinical Features:
Lethargy
Fatigue
Pallor
Purities
Reduced exercise tolerance
Impaired immune system.
IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS (IDD)
Definition: A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet,
which can lead to inadequate production of thyroid
hormone (hypothyroidism) and enlargement of the
thyroid gland (goiter).
Clinical Features:
Goiter
Mental deficiency
Hearing defects
Mental retardation
Hearing defects
FLUOROSIS
Definition: It occurs due to consumption of
excessive amount of fluorine through drinking
water.
Types of Fluorosis:
Dental Fluorosis
Skeletal Fluorosis
Chronic
Nutritional
Disease
OBESITY
Definition: Obesity is an epidemic disease,
which consists of body weight that is in excess of
that appropriate for a person’s height and age
standardized to account for differences, leading
to an increased risk to health related problems.
CAUSED PREVENTION
Type 2 diabetes Eat food according to body’s
requirement
Cancer risks At least 3-4 hrs intervals between
meals
Liver diseases Avoid in between snacks
Heart diseases Eat more leafy vegetables which
contain high fiber
Mood disorders & Hypertension Avoid intake of fatty and fried
foods
EATING
DISORDERS
Definition: Any of a range of
psychological disorders
characterized by abnormal or
disturbed eating habits
Types of Eating Disorders
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
BULIMIA NERVOSA
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Anorexia nervosa is an eating
disorder characterized by
immoderate food restriction,
inappropriate eating habits or
rituals, obsession with having a
thin figure, and an irrational
fear of weight gain, as well as a
distorted body self perception
BULIMIA NERVOSA
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder
characterized by binge eating and purging, or
consuming a large amount of food in a short
amount of time followed by an attempt to rid
oneself of the food consumed (purging), typically
by vomiting, taking a laxative, diuretic, or
stimulant, and/or excessive exercise, because of
an extensive concern for body weight.
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
