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PERIODICITY
CHEMISTRY
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STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
(Chang, 2008, h. 51)
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PERIODIC TABLE
(Chang, 2008, h. 51)
Elements ordered based on increasing atomic number and mass number.
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GROUPS AND PERIODS
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• Groups are columns in periodic table consists of elements with similar properties.
• Periods are rows in periodic table consists of elements with the same number of
electron shells.
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PERIODICITY
• Periodicity referes to the recurring variations in
element properties as atomic number increases.
• Periodicity is caused by element atomic structure’s
regular and predictable variations.
• Elements are organized according to increasing
atomic number and recurring properties in periodic
table.
• Elements within a group/column display similar
properties.
• Elements within a row/period has the same number
of electron shells.
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Cont’d...
• Atomic Radius: the distance between the nucleus of
an atom to its outermost electron shell.
• Ionization Energy: the amount of energy needed to
completely remove one electron from an atom or
ion.
• Electron Affinity: the amount of energy released
when an atom or an ion accepts one electron.
• Electronegativity: the tendency of an atom to attract
a shared pair of electrons towards itself in a
molecule.
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ATOMIC RADIUS
the distance between the nucleus of an atom to its
outermost electron shell.
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Cont’d...
• Down the group/column, the atomic radius is
increasing.
– Down the group, the number of electron shells is
increasing, thus increasing the atomic radius.
• Across (from left to right) the period/row, the atomic
radius is decreasing.
– Across (from left to right) the period, the number of
electron shells is the same but the number of proton and
neutron is increasing in the nucleus.
– The increasing nuclear force will attracts electrons closer
to the nucleus, thus decreasing the atomic radius.
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IONIZATION ENERGY
the amount of energy needed to completely remove
one electron from an atom or ion.
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Cont’d...
• Down the group/column, the ionization energy is
decreasing.
– Down the group, the atomic radius is increasing, thus
weakening the nuclear attraction between the outermost
electrons with the nucleus.
• Across (from left to right) the period/row, the
ionization energy is increasing.
– Across (from left to right) the period, the atomic radius is
decreasing, thus strengthening the nuclear attraction
between the outermost electrons with the nucleus.
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ELECTRON AFFINITY
the amount of energy released when an atom or an ion
accepts one electron.
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Cont’d...
• Down the group/column, the electron affinity is
decreasing.
– Down the group, the atomic radius is increasing, thus
weakening the nuclear attraction between the outermost
electrons with the nucleus.
• Across (from left to right) the period/row, the
electron affinity is increasing.
– Across (from left to right) the period, the atomic radius is
decreasing, thus strengthening the nuclear attraction
between the outermost electrons with the nucleus.
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY
the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of
electrons towards itself in a molecule.
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Cont’d...
• Down the group/column, the electronegativity is
decreasing.
– Down the group, the atomic radius is increasing, thus
weakening the nuclear attraction between the outermost
electrons with the nucleus.
• Across (from left to right) the period/row, the
electronegativity is increasing.
– Across (from left to right) the period, the atomic radius is
decreasing, thus strengthening the nuclear attraction
between the outermost electrons with the nucleus.
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