Bonding Theories
Presented by:
Nimra Nasir (2016-2313)
Presented to:
Respected Mam Tayyaba
Bonding Theories
There are three bondings theories.
Molecular bond theory (MOT)
Valence shell electron pair repulsion
theory (VESPR)
Valence bond theory (VBT)
VESPR
INTRODUCTION:
O Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory.
O It is given by Gllispe and Nhyhom.
O It is the space model that is obtain after
joining the points represent bonded atoms.
O That means lone pair are not consider in the
shape of the molecule.
In order to represent the shape of the
molecule atleast three atom and two
bonded pair are required.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion
(VSEPR) theory is model used to predict
the geometry of individual molecules from
the number of electron pairs surrounding
their central atoms.
POSTULATES OF VSEPR
THEORY
O If all electron pair around the central atom are bond pair
and there are no lone pair then shape of the molecule
depends upon nature of hybridisation.
O N =no. Of valence electron in central atom + no. Of
univalent atom +- charge / 2
O If all electron pair around the central atom are not bond
pair ,thier are some lone pair also then molecule posses a
distorted shape because of lone pair –lone pair repulsion,
bond pair –bond pair repulsion and thier relative order is
.
O l.p.-l.p. > l.p.-b.p. > b.p – b.p.
O It deals with the bond angle of the molecule.
O Identify the type of hybridisation , % s
character increases, bond angles increases.
O if no.of lone pair increases then bond angle
increases.
O If all electron pair around the central atom are
bond pair and all surrounding atoms are
identical then change of electronegativity in
central atom as well as in the surrounding atom.
Valence bond theory
O Heitler and London introduced this theory.
O This is primarily based on the concepts
of atomic orbitals, electronic configuration of
elements ,the overlapping of atomic orbitals,
hybridization of atomic orbitals.
O The overlapping of atomic orbitals results in
the formation of a chemical bond.
O The electrons are localized in the bond region
due to overlapping.
O Valence bond theory describes the electronic
structure of molecules.
O The theory says that electrons fill the atomic
orbitals of an atom within a molecule.
O It also states that the nucleus of one atom is
attracted to the electrons of another atom.
O Now, we move on and look at the various
postulates of the valence bond theory.
Postulates of VBT
O The overlapping of two half-filled valence orbitals
of two different atoms results in the formation of
the covalent bond. The overlapping causes the
electron density between two bonded atoms to
increase. This gives the property of stability to the
molecule.
O In case the atomic orbitals possess more than one
unpaired electron, more than one bond can be
formed and electrons paired in the valence shell
cannot take part in such a bond formation.
Example
O The electronic configuration of hydrogen atom
in the ground state is 1s.
O In the formation of hydrogen molecule, two
half filled 1s orbital's of hydrogen atoms
overlap along the internuclear axis and thus by
forming a σs-s bond.
O The electronic configuration of O in the
ground state is [He] 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1. The
half filled 2py orbital's of two oxygen atoms
overlap along the inter-nuclear axis and form
σp-p bond. The remaining half filled 2pz
orbital's overlap laterally to form a πp-p bond.
O Thus a double bond (one σp-pand one πp-p) is
formed between two oxygen atoms.
Molecular Orbital Theory
OIntroduction:
Valence Bond Theory fails to answer certain
questions like Why He2 molecule does not exist
and why O2 is paramagnetic?
Therefore in 1932 F. Hood and Robert S. Mulliken
came up with theory known as Molecular Orbital
Theory to explain questions like above.
.
MOT means molecular orbital theory
According to Molecular Orbital Theory
individual atomic orbitals combine to form
molecular orbitals, as the electrons of an atom
are present in various atomic orbitals and are
associated with several nuclei.
When two atoms are combine to form a
molecule then Each atoms of atomic orbital
combine to form molecular orbital, Molecular
orbitals are classified on the basis of energy.
Bonding Orbital
Anti Bonding Orbital
The orbital having lowest energy is
called Bonding Orbital.
The orbital having high energy is called
AntiBonding orbital.
Rules for Filling of Molecular
Orbitals
Certain rules are to be followed while filling up
molecular orbitals with electrons in order to write
correct molecular configurations:
Aufbau Principle – This principle states that
those molecular orbital which have the lowest
energy are filled first.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle – According to this
principle each molecular orbital can accommodate
maximum of two electrons having opposite spins.
O Hund’s Rule – This rule states that in
two molecular orbitals of the same
energy, the pairing of electrons will
occur when each orbital of same energy
consist one electron
DETERMINING BOND ORDER
Bond Order indicates the strength of the bond.
The higher the Bond Order, the stronger the
bond.
Bond Order= 1/2(a-b)
a = number of e in bonding Molecular Orbitals
b = number of e in antibondng Molecular
Orbitals.
STABILITY OF THE MOLECULE
If the Bond Order is Zero, then no
bonds are produced and the molecule is
not stable (for example He2 ).
If the Bond Order is 1, then it is a
single covalent bond.
The higher the Bond Order, the more
stable the molecule is.
Example
When we discuss about MOT of hydrogen
molecule then we know that in valance shell of
hydrogen atom have one one electron,
When they combine together they form sigma
bond.
There is no any electrons are in Antibonding
molecular orbital.
Both two electrons are occupy bonding
molecular orbital.
