Emillie Grace D.

Tombucon RN
 The term "systems" is derived from the Greek
word "synistanai," which means "to bring
together or combine
 However, it was not until the Industrial

Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries

that formal recognition of the "systems"
approach to management, philosophy, and
science emerged (Whitehead 1925, von
Bertalanffy 1968).
 The biologist is widely recognized for his
contributions to science as a systems theorist;
specifically, for the development of a theory
known as General System Theory (GST). The
theory attempted to provide alternatives to
conventional models of organization.
 GST defined new foundations and
developments as a generalized theory of
systems with applications to numerous areas of
study, emphasizing holism over
reductionism, organism over mechanism.
 Specialization: A system is divided into smaller components
allowing more specialized concentration on each component.
 Grouping: To avoid generating greater complexity with
increasing specialization, it becomes necessary to group related
disciplines or sub-disciplines.
 Coordination: As the components and subcomponents of a
system are grouped, it is necessary to coordinate the interactions
among groups.
 Emergent properties: Dividing a system into subsystems (groups
of component parts within the system), requires recognizing and
understanding the "emergent properties" of a system; that is,
recognizing why the system as a whole is greater than the sum
of its parts. For example, two forest stands may contain the
same tree species, but the spatial arrangement and size structure
of the individual trees will create different habitats for wildlife
species. In this case, an emergent property of each stand is the
wildlife habitat.
 Emergent properties: Dividing a system into
subsystems (groups of component parts within
the system), requires recognizing and
understanding the "emergent properties" of a
system; that is, recognizing why the system as a
whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
 For example, two forest stands may contain the
same tree species, but the spatial arrangement
and size structure of the individual trees will
create different habitats for wildlife species. In
this case, an emergent property of each stand is
the wildlife habitat. 
 ELEMENTS are measurable things that can be
linked together. They are also called objects,
events, patterns, or structures. 
 PROCESSES change elements from one form

to another. They may also be called activities,

relations, or functions.
A closed system is one where interactions
occur only among the system components
and not with the environment. Ex: atom, solar
system, matter

An open system is one that receives input from

the environment and/or releases output to
the environment. Ex: ecosystem, living
organisms
◦ A system approach is useful in determining the
optimal numbers and types of nursing personnel's
for each patient care unit in health care agency.
◦ The system approach is an important tool in both
planning and control functions of management.
◦ A system can be simply defined as a set of objects
or elements in interaction to achieve a specific goal.
◦ A system is not just a logical and orderly goals of
the larger system
◦ Arrangement of parts but an ongoing process or
state of change that consists of diverse elements
and their relationships to each other.
◦ Each system consists of interconnected and
interrelated subsytems, each of which has its own
objective that contributes positively towards the
◦ The function of any system is to convert or process
information, energy, or materials into a planned
outcome or product for use within the system,
outside the system, or both.

◦ Thus, nursing process is system the function of

which to convert the knowledge and skills of the
nurse, the patient, and the patient’s family into
supportive and therapeutic interventions against
illness, debility and loss.
◦ Input
◦ Process
◦ Output
◦ Controls
◦ Feedback loops
 INPUTS TO SYSTEM
input, personnels to be budgeted
 PROCESS
It would Consist of those calculations undertaken
to determine the correct number and types of
personnels to be budgeted and assigned to specific
care units.
 OUTCOME
◦ It consists of recommended numbers of each type of
personnel's needed for each unit given a certain census
and a specified workload.
 CONTROL
◦ It includes Joint Commission on accreditation of hospital
or state department of health regulations either nurse –
patient ratios or workers qualification, contractual
agreements and so on.
 FEEDBACK LOOP
◦ It consists of information concerning the time lapsed
between duty shifts of employyes ,patient assignment
and so on.
 Patient Classification System
-The PCS is a scheme that group patients according
to the amount and complexity of their nursing care
requirements. It serves as a tool to measure patient
needs, caregiver interventions, and the skill levels
required to meet those needs.
◦ Determine the required nursing hours needed to provide
safe and efficient patient care based on standards of
care and practice.
◦ Determine the number and category of staff (skill mix)
needed for providing quality patient care.
◦ Monitor changes in patient demographics and care
needs.
◦ Provide data on each patient care unit that directs and
supports staffing decision-making.
◦ Ensure that quality nursing care is provided in a safe
environment.
◦ Assess the level and support services required.
◦ Enhance staff satisfaction through a stress free work
environment
◦ Provide data on each patient care unit that directs and
supports staffing decision-making.
◦ Ensure that quality nursing care is provided in a safe
environment.
◦ Assess the level and support services required.
◦ Enhance staff satisfaction through a stress free work
environment
◦ Improve patient satisfaction by providing required time
to the patient according to his/her needs.
◦ Enhance staff satisfaction by determining staffing needs
and thus decreasing workload.
◦ Monitor the provision of quality nursing care according
to international standards in a safe work environment
Identified and became the framework around which the
new system was designed and developed:
1. The care management team is the focal point.
2. Classification and staffing are separate.
3. Classification is based on professional judgment.
4. The system is self-auditing.
5. Staffing is based on informed professional judgment.
 ◦ Daily hours of average daily census days per year
◦ Nursing care * *
◦ Needed /pt/day
 Days per year - Expected off duty
days/employees * Duty daily hours per
employees
 HOURS OF NURSING CARE NEEDED PER YEAR
HOURS OF CARE DELIVERED BY EACH
EMPLOYEE PER YEAR = NUMBER OF
EMPLOYEES TO BE BUDGETED FOR THE UNIT
 Suppose that for an adult medical-surgical ward it
has been established that an average of 5 hours of
nursing care per day is to be provided each patient;
that there will be an average of 20 patients per day
on the unit; and that an all-registered nurse staff is
to be assigned to the unit, Suppose further that in
the same agency, nursing contract calls for each
nurse to work a 40-hour, five-day week, to have 20
day of vacation each year, to be given 10 paid
holidays each year, and to be allowed 12 paid sick
days per year. If a review of personnel attendance
records shows nurse uses an average of six paid
sick leaves with 140 off leaves
Given:
5 –ave. hours of nursing care per day
20- ave. patients per day on the unit
40hours/week- ave. Working of each staff
20 day of vacation each year,
10 paid holidays each year
12 paid sick days per year.
6 paid sick leaves
140 off leaves
Ask:
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES TO BE BUDGETED FOR
THE UNIT

Formula: HOURS OF NURSING CARE NEEDED

PER YEAR HOURS OF CARE DELIVERED/ EACH
EMPLOYEE PER YEAR = NUMBER OF
EMPLOYEES TO BE BUDGETED FOR THE UNIT
Answer: 24-staff nurses are needed
Systems Management creates Purpose Driven
organisms