BY: GROUP 4

VACCINA
TION
AGUILAR, EUGENIO, JUSTEMBASTE,
RIVERA
BSMT 1A-2
HOW DOES VACCINE
WORK?
• The beginning of immunization dates back hundreds of years
ago when a Chinese Buddhist blew infected scabs to the nostrils
of the healthy. It was not until the first vaccine introduced in 1796
revoked this method. Edward Jenner is considered the Father of
Immunology after he inoculated an 8-year-old boy named James
Phipps, the son of his gardener, with cowpox virus (vaccinia
virus) and found that the boy demonstrated immunity to
smallpox. In the 18th and 19th century, mass immunization of
smallpox resulting to eradication of this disease in 1979.
• Louis Pasteur’s
experiment on the advancement of attenuated cholera vaccine
and inactivated
anthrax vaccine in 1897 and 1904 respectively. Plague vaccine
was later on
introduced in the 19th century. Between 1890 and 1950,
bacterial vaccine
development proliferated, including the Bacillus-Calmette-
Guerin (BCG) vaccination, which is still in use today.
In 1923, Alexander Glenny completed a method to
inactivate tetanus toxin using formaldehyde. This method
was also used to develop the vaccine against diphtheria
in 1926. Pertussis vaccine took longer, with a whole cell
vaccine first licensed in the US in 1948.
Viral tissue culture methods advanced in 1950-1985
which led to the advent of inactivated polio vaccine and
the live attenuated oral polio vaccine.
Mass polio immunisation eradicated the
disease from all around the world. Attenuated
strains of measles, mumps, and rubella were
developed and included in vaccines. Measles is
considered to be
next and is the target for eradication through
vaccination.
 • CB lymphocytes secretes the antibodies
to destroy the antigens left by the
macrophages. There are two types of T
cells produced; the cytotoxic T cells
HOW
destroy the pathogens by phagocytosis, DOES
while the helper T cells help activate the B
lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes
VACCINE
(Panawala, 2017). WORK?
• Once the antigens are destroyed, the
remaining lymphocytes will be
converted into memory cells. As the
name suggests, memory cells will now HOW
‘remember’ the antigen of a specific DOES
disease and will VACCINE
immediately produce antibodies to
fight against them. Thus, immunity is
WORK?
achieved.
 TYPES OF
VACCINE
ATTENUATED INACTIVATED
VACCINE
• Contains live
weakened, or attenuated
VACCINE
bacteria/viruses. • Contains killed
• Highly effective as it only
requires one or two doses in order bacteria/virus.
to achieve a life-time immunity. • Less effective than the
• Immunocompromised live vaccine as it requires
patients cannot take this vaccine.
multiple doses.
 TYPES OF
VACCINE
ATTENUATED SUBUNIT
CONJUGATE VACCINE
• Contains the
essential parts of the bacteria
VACCINE
• Fights off bacteria
with a special coating that or virus.
disguises the antigen. Because of Because it does not
the coat, it is difficult for the contain the whole germ, side
immune system of a child to effects are less common for
recognize the presence of the this type of vaccine
antigen.
 WHO • Those who are authorized
ADMINIST to initiate the administration
ERS of vaccines include the
VACCINAT doctors, nurses, pharmacists,
ION? midwives, and public health
workers.
• Needle-free approach are vaccination
methods that do not
require a needlestick penetration in
administration. Oral vaccines are can be
NEEDLE-
administered in the body through the FREE
oral orifice such as vaccines for OPV
and ROTAVIRUS. Intranasal spray
APPROA
VACCINE
ADMINISTRATIO
application introduces the vaccine CH N

through the nasal mucosa.

SYRINGE Syringe and Needle approach are
vaccination methods that requires
AND needlestick penetration in
NEEDLE administration. In intramuscular (IM)
APPROA injection, the vaccine is administered
CH through the body by injecting the
vaccine directly into the muscle mass.
 Some IM injections include DTAP, HepB,
SYRINGE IPV, Hib, PCV, and HepA. Subcutaneous
AND (SC) injection such as ones for measles
NEEDLE and yellow fever, introduces the vaccine
through the subcutaneous layer, the
APPROA fat layer underneath the skin. Intradermal
CH (ID) injection administers the
vaccine into the dermis; for example,
BCG.
Routine immunization (RI) is the
sustainable, reliable and timely
interaction between NEEDLE-
the vaccine, those who deliver it
and those who receive it to ensure
FREE
every person is fully immunized ROUTINE
against vaccine-preventable VACCINES
diseases.
Routine vaccines include BCG,
Hepatitis B, Diphtheria-Tetanus-
Pertussis (DPT), HiB (Haemophilus
influenzae type b), Oral Polio Vaccine NEEDLE-
(OPV), Pneumococcal conjugate FREE
vaccine (PCV), Rotavirus virus (RV),
Influenza, Mumps-Measles-Rubella
ROUTINE
(MMR), Varicella, Hepatitis A, and VACCINES
Human papillomavirus (HPV).
 Non-routine vaccines are usually required to
only a certain population or group of people
NON- since it does not always exist or epidemic in

ROUTINE all places. Only those places where people

are infected are required to be vaccinated.
VACCINE For some populations who are in high risks
S of transmitting Typhoid fever, Cholera,
Meningococcal diseases, Hepatitis A, Rabies
and Dengue CYD-TDV, they must be given
vaccines in respect to the said diseases.
 These vaccines must be administered
to people who have pets, those who
NON- have an outbreak of these diseases in
ROUTINE their community, veterinarians and
VACCINE health care workers. Vaccines for
S Japanese encephalitis (JE), Yellow
fever, and Tick-borne encephalitis are
recommended to certain groups.
 These vaccines must be administered to
NON- people who are about to travel where
there is an outbreak of these diseases,
ROUTINE also to health care workers who are not
VACCINE yet immune. The recommendations for
S immunization programs with certain
characteristics include vaccines for
Mumps, Seasonal influenza and
Varicella.
 Vaccines in the
Philippines

Influenza vaccine
Influenza is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory
system — your nose, throat and lungs. Influenza is
commonly called the flu. It can cause mild to severe illness.
Serious outcomes of flu infection can result in
hospitalization or death. Flu viruses travel through the air in
droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or
talks. You can inhale the droplets directly.
 Vaccines in the
Philippines

Influenza vaccine
Flu shots can be taken by children and adults in order to
combat the infection of influenza, which is a highly
contagious viral disease. The vaccination is administered
annually. People who have higher risk of flu infection,
including children six months through four years and seniors
65 years and older, are highly recommended to get flu shots.
 Vaccines in the
Philippines
Influenza Pneumococcal
Pneumococcal disease is a common and often mild infection,
vaccine
but it can sometimes result in serious health
problems. These include a middle ear infection, a blood
infection, pneumonia, or bacterial meningitis. The bacterium
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), which is also
known as pneumococcus, causes pneumococcal disease.
Invasive pneumococcal disease is a life-threatening condition
that is fatal in 10 percent of cases.
 Vaccines in the
Philippines
Influenza Pneumococcal
Older people and those with underlying medical conditions have
vaccine
a higher risk than others of serious. The pneumococcal
polysaccharide vaccine provides immunity against pneumonia.
It is strongly advised for cigarette smokers,
seniors and people with a history of chronic illness, like liver
disease and asthma. It is normally administered once but may be
repeated after five years for certain individuals.
 Vaccines in the
Philippines

HPV vaccine
• HPV infection commonly causes skin or mucous
membrane growths (warts). Certain types of HPV infection
cause cervical cancers. More than 100 varieties of human
papillomavirus (HPV) exist. HPV infection occurs when the
virus enters your body, usually through a cut, abrasion or
small tear in your skin. The virus is
transferred primarily by skin-to-skin contact.
 Vaccines in the
Philippines
HPV vaccine
• Genital HPV infections are contracted through sexual intercourse,
anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact in the genital region. Some
HPV infections that result in oral or upper respiratory lesions are
contracted through oral sex. This vaccine protects against the human
papilloma virus (HPV), which causes genital warts and cervical
cancer. Both men and women aged 11 to 26 are highly
recommended to get three doses of HPV vaccine in a span of six
months.
 Vaccines in the
Philippines
Hepatitis B vaccine
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver. It can cause
scarring of the organ, liver failure, and cancer. It
can be fatal if it isn’t treated. It’s spread when
people come in contact with the blood, open sores,
or body fluids of someone who has the hepatitis B
virus.
 Vaccines in the
Philippines
Hepatitis B vaccine
Considered as the primary protection against liver
diseases, this vaccine can be administered to newborns
within 12 hours of birth, especially if the mother has
tested positive for Hepatitis B. The second shot follows
one to two months later while the last dose is given at six
to 18 months after birth.
Measle
sMeasles is caused by
a virus in the paramyxovirus MEASLES,
family and it is normally passed MUMPS AND
through direct contact and
through the air. The virus infects
RUBELLA
the respiratory tract, then (MMR)
spreads throughout the body. VACCINE
 Mump
MEASLES, s infection that primarily
Mumps is a viral
affects
saliva-producing (salivary) glands
MUMPS AND that are located near your ears.
RUBELLA Mumps can cause swelling in one
(MMR) or both of these
glands.
VACCINE
Rubell
Also called German measles or three-
aday measles, is a contagious viral
infection best known by its distinctive
red rash. Usually given to children aged MEASLES,
one to two years old, MMR vaccine is
often administered along with varicella MUMPS AND
vaccine, which protects against chicken
pox infection.  Advancedhealthcare
RUBELLA
providers also introduce the MMRV (MMR)
vaccine, which combines MMR and
varicella vaccines in one.
VACCINE
 A vaccine that protects against diphtheria,
pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus
infection, DPT is generally given in three
to five shots. The first three doses are
scheduled at two, four and six months
after birth.  The fourth shot follows after

DPT 15 through 18 months, while the last dose

is administered after four through six
VACCINE years. A booster shot for tetanus and
diphtheria may be started at 11 years old
and repeated every 10 years thereafter.
 Diphtheria can cause
DIPHTHER breathing problems, paralysis,
IA and heart failure.

Tetanus causes painful tightening

of the muscles. It can cause
TETANUS “lockingAof the jaw so you
cannot open your mouth or
swallow.
 "Whooping cough”,
causes coughing spells so
bad that it is hard for infants
and children to eat,
PERTUSSI drink, or breathe. It can
S cause pneumonia, seizures,
brain damage, or death.
 Chickenpox is an
infection caused by the varicella-
zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash
with small, fluid-filled blisters.
Chickenpox is highly contagious to
CHICKEN people who
POX haven't had the disease or been
vaccinated against it.
 Children need 2 doses of the vaccine at the
following ages:
12 through 15 months - for the first dose
4 through 6 years - for the second dose
(or sooner as long as it’s 3 months after the first
dose)
Adult - need to get 2 doses of the vaccine about 1
month apart.
 Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a crippling and
potentially deadly infectious disease. It is caused by
the poliovirus.
The virus spreads from person to person and can
POLI invade an infected person’s
brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis (can’t move
O parts of the body). The inactivated poliovirus
vaccine (IPV) is usually given at ages 2 months, 4
months, 6–18 months, and 4–6 years.
According to the study of World Health Organization,
GET IN
vaccination has greatly reduced the burden of infectious
diseases. For the aspect of disease control benefits, vaccines
EFFECTS
help in eradication of disease wherein, to date smallpox has
EFFECTS
been eradicated, allowing discontinuation of routine
OF
smallpox immunization globally.
OF
VACCINE
Potentially, other infectious diseases with no extra human
FOR CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE
reservoir can be eradicated provided an effective vaccine
S
and specific diagnostic tests are available.
S
EFFECTS
Eradication requires high levels of population
GET IN
immunity in all regions of the world over a prolonged
EFFECTS
period with adequate surveillance in place. It also aids EFFECTS
in elimination of disease. In four of six WHO regions,
OF
substantial progress has been made in measles
OF
VACCINE
elimination; FORtransmission
CONCERNS
no longer occurs VACCINE
POSITIVE
indigenously and importation does not result in
S
sustained spread of the virus.
S
EFFECTS
Key to thisGET IN
achievement is more than 95%
population immunity through a two-dose
EFFECTS EFFECTS
vaccination regimen. Combined measles,
OF OF
mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine could
VACCINE
also eliminate and eventually eradicate
FOR CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE

S
rubella and mumps. S
EFFECTS
Control of mortality, morbidity and
GET IN
complications is also one of its major
EFFECTS EFFECTS
benefits. For
OF
the individual, OF
Efficacious
VACCINE
vaccines
FOR CONCERNS
protect VACCINE
POSITIVE
individuals if administered before S
EFFECTS
exposure. S
Pre-exposure vaccination of
GET IN
infants with several antigens is
EFFECTS EFFECTS
the cornerstone of successful OF
OF
immunization programmes
VACCINE
FOR CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE
against a cluster of childhood
S S
EFFECTS

diseases.
Vaccine efficacy against
GET IN
invasive Hib disease of more than 90%
EFFECTS EFFECTS
was demonstrated in European, Native
OF
American, OF Chilean and African
VACCINE
children in large
FOR clinical studies in the
CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE

1990s. S S
EFFECTS
For the society, Ehreth estimates that
GET IN
vaccines annually prevent almost 6 million
deaths worldwide. In the USA, there has
EFFECTS EFFECTS
been a 99% decrease in incidence for the
OF OF
nine diseases for which vaccines have been
VACCINE
recommendedFOR for decades, accompanied by a
CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE

S
similar decline in S
EFFECTS

mortality and disease sequelae.

Specific vaccines have also been used
GET IN
to protect those in greatest need of
EFFECTS EFFECTS
protection against infectious diseases,
OF OF
such as pregnant women, cancer VACCINE
VACCINE
FOR CONCERNS
patients and the immunocompromised.
POSITIVE

S S
EFFECTS
Others include mitigation of disease
GET IN
severity, prevention of infection,
EFFECTS EFFECTS
protection of
OF
the unvaccinated OF
population, herd immunity, and source VACCINE
VACCINE
FOR CONCERNS
drying which is a related concept to
POSITIVE

S S
EFFECTS
herd protection.
If a GET IN
particular subgroup is
EFFECTS
identified as the reservoir of EFFECTS
infection, OF targeted vaccination OF
VACCINE
will decrease disease in the whole
FOR CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE

population. S
S
EFFECTS
In addition, it also helps in prevention of related
GET IN
diseases and cancer, health-care and other savings
EFFECTS
for society, preventing development of antibiotic EFFECTS
resistance, extending life expectancy, safe travel
OF OF
and mobility, empowerment of women, protection
VACCINE
against bio terrorism, promoting economic growth,
FOR CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE
enhancing equity, and promoting peace.
S S
EFFECTS
The benefits of vaccination extend beyond
GET IN
prevention of specific diseases in
individuals. They enable a rich, multifaceted
EFFECTS EFFECTS
harvest for societies and nations. Vaccination
OF OF
makes good economic sense, and meets the
VACCINE
need to care for the weakest members of
FOR CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE

societies. S S
EFFECTS
Reducing global child mortality by
GET IN
facilitating universal access to safe vaccines
EFFECTS
of proven efficacy is a moral obligation for
EFFECTS
OF
the international community as it is a human OF
right for every individual to have the
VACCINE
FOR CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE
opportunity to live a healthier
S S
EFFECTS
and fuller life.
Achievement of the Millennium
GET IN
Development Goal 4 (two-thirds reduction in
1990 under-5 child mortality by 2015) will
EFFECTS EFFECTS
be greatly advanced by, and unlikely to be
OF OF
achieved without, expanded and timely
VACCINE
global access
FORto key life-saving
CONCERNS
VACCINE
POSITIVE

S
immunizations such as measles, Hib, S
EFFECTS

rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines.

In conclusion,
GET IN a comprehensive
vaccination
EFFECTS program is a EFFECTS
cornerstoneOF of good public health OF
VACCINE
and will FORreduce
CONCERNS inequities and
VACCINE
POSITIVE

poverty. S S
EFFECTS
 Despite the wonders that the vaccine sheds not
GET IN only to individuals but to the whole community
EFFECTS
EFFECTS EFFECTS
or population, vaccines have some minor pitfalls
that we should not neglect according to WHO.
OF OF OF
Some people with weakened immune systems
VACCINE
VACCINE
NEGATIVE
FOR CONCERNS
VACCINE
cannot be vaccinated or should be only under
POSITIVE
S S
EFFECTS
S
close supervision of a health care provider.
EFFECTS
 Different vaccines contain
GET INdifferent components, and each
EFFECTS
EFFECTS EFFECTS
OF OF vaccine can affect you differently
OF
VACCINE
VACCINE
NEGATIVE (age,
FOR CONCERNS
condition, VACCINE
history,
POSITIVE and
S
EFFECTS
S pregnancy). S
EFFECTS
 Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection
site; joint pain near the injection site; muscle
GET IN
EFFECTS
EFFECTS EFFECTS
weakness; low-grade to high fever;
numbness; fatigue; memory loss; complete
OF OF OF
muscle paralysis on a particular area
VACCINE
VACCINE
NEGATIVE of
FOR CONCERNS
the body; hearing VACCINE
or vision
POSITIVEloss; and
S S
EFFECTS
S
seizures are the possible side EFFECTS
effects
of vaccines.
 • In vaccines against
Rotavirus, mild
temperature, vomiting, and
diarrhoea can occur up to 7 SIDE
days after vaccination; and EFFECTS TO
intussusception may occur. SPECIFIC
VACCINES
 • In vaccines against
Pneumococcal, mild
temperature, pain at the
injection site, and muscle SIDE
pain may EFFECTS TO
occur. SPECIFIC
VACCINES
 • In vaccines for
Diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis
, mild temperature; irritable,
crying, generally SIDE
unsettled; and drowsiness or EFFECTS TO
tiredness may be SPECIFIC
experienced. VACCINES
• In Haemophilus influenza
type b (Hib), mild fever as
well might occur. In Human
papillomavirus, mild SIDE
headache; and mild nausea EFFECTS TO
are the possible side effects. SPECIFIC
VACCINES
 • In Measles, mumps, rubella, the
following reactions may occur 5 to
10 days after vaccination: high
fever over 39 °C lasting 2 to 3
SIDE days, faint red rash (not infectious),
runny nose, cough and/or puffy
EFFECTS eyes, swelling of salivary glands,
TO drowsiness or tiredness,

SPECIFIC
 • In Measles, mumps, rubella, the
following reactions may occur 5 to
10 days after vaccination: and
thrombocytopenia (low platelet
SIDE count - about 1 in 30,000), and
encephalitis (inflammation of the
EFFECTS brain – about 1 in 3 million) are
TO two, very rare reactions.

SPECIFIC
 • In Varicella
(chickenpox), high fever over
39 °C, mild chickenpox-like
rash (2 – 5 spots) usually at
SIDE injection site, may also appear
EFFECTS on other parts of the body.
TO
SPECIFIC
 • For Measles/mumps/rubella/varicella
vaccines, high fever over 39 °C lasting 2
to 3 days; faint red rash (not infectious);
runny nose, cough and/or puffy eyes;
swelling of salivary glands; drowsiness

SIDE or tiredness; mild chickenpox-like rash

(2 to 5 spots) usually at injection site

EFFECTS may also appear on other parts of the

body.
TO
SPECIFIC
 • For Hepatitis B
vaccines, dizziness,
sweating, muscle pain,
SIDE insomnia and earache
EFFECTS are the possible side
TO effects.
SPECIFIC
 • For Influenza vaccines,
drowsiness or tiredness;
muscle aches; and Gillian-
Barre Syndrome (ascending
SIDE paralysis), but this is very rare
EFFECTS in adults (1 in 1,000,000).
TO
SPECIFIC
 • Lastly, for Polio
vaccines, rashes are
the possible side
SIDE
EFFECTS effects of the
TO vaccines.
SPECIFIC
Rubell Rare Reactions to the
a Vaccines
Any medication, including vaccines, may have
potentially serious side effects including a
severe allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis.
The risk of developing severe reactions after
receiving a vaccine is extremely rare. Your
doctor or nurse is trained to recognize and
manage any immediate, severe reactions.
Rubell Rare Reactions to
a the Vaccines
A severe, anaphylactic reaction will generally occur
within the first 15 minutes after receiving a vaccine,
so it is important for you to wait at the place you have
received your vaccination so that you can be observed
for any reaction. As with any medication, on rare
occasions, an individual may experience a severe
reaction.
Rubell Rare Reactions to
a the Vaccines
Some rare reactions could include seizure (also
known as convulsion or fit), intussusception
(relates to rotavirus), and anaphylaxis. Some
children are more prone to seizures when
experiencing a high fever. The seizure usually
lasts approximately 20 seconds and very rarely
more than 2 minutes.
Rubell Rare Reactions to
a the Vaccines
Intussusception is an uncommon form of bowel
obstruction where one segment of the bowel slides
into the next, much like the pieces of a telescope.
There is a very small risk of this occurring in a baby
in the first 1 to 7 days after receiving the first dose
of rotavirus vaccine, and a smaller risk after the
second dose of rotavirus vaccine.
Rubell Rare Reactions to
a the Vaccines
The baby may have bouts of crying, look pale,
get very irritable and pull his or her legs up to
the abdomen (stomach) because of pain.
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction which
occurs suddenly, usually within 15 minutes,
however anaphylaxis can occur within hours of
vaccine administration.
 Rare Reactions to the
Vaccines

Early signs of anaphylaxis include:

redness and/or itching of the skin,
swelling (hives), breathing
difficulties and a sense of distress.
A lot of individuals believed that
vaccines are important and one of PRO-
the vital needs of human. The VACCINE
Center for Disease Control POINT OF
recommends mothers to vaccinate
or immunized their children.
VIEW
According to the aspect or insights
of pro-vaccine individuals, vaccines
can save lives.
It is also a safe and effective
biological preparation. Aside from PRO-
saving lives, it can also save money. VACCINE
And the most important above all is POINT OF
that, vaccine an d immunization
program can protect future
VIEW
generations because it can prevent
diseases that can be vaccinated.
 ANTI- • Based on the latest survey and
VAXXER data released by the
S POV
MORBIDITY Epidemiology Bureau of the
AND
MORTALITY
Department of Health, a total of
RATE IN THE 4, 302 measles cases have been
PHILIPPINES
reported resulting to 70 deaths
from January 1 to February 9, this
year (2019).
 ANTI- • According to the data gathered, out of
VAXXER all the cases, sixty-six percent of the
S POV
MORBIDITY people who have the disease had no
AND history of vaccination and 79% of those
MORTALITY who died had no vaccination. The
RATE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Department of Health points Vaccine
Hesitancy as one of the reasons for the
measles outbreak in the Philippines.
 ANTI- • Vaccine Hesitancy is indeed one of
the top 10 globalhealth threats of
VAXXER 2019 according to the World Health
SVACCINE
POV Organization. It isdefined as
HESITANCY
reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated
or to have one’s children vaccinated
despite the availability of vaccination
services.
 TYPES WHY ARE
THERE ANTI-
VAXXERS?VACCINE
SKEPTICISM FALSE
• A skeptical attitude
is a doubt to the truth of INFORMATION
• Since before, false
something. Some individuals are
information about
being skeptical or not easily vaccination have been
convinced in terms of vaccination debated until proved false
due to personal beliefs, mother such as link
instincts and lack of assurance. in autism, brain disorder and
allocating blame.
BY: GROUP 4

VACCINA
TION
AGUILAR, EUGENIO, JUSTEMBASTE,
RIVERA BSMT 1A-2