Signals and systems
Basic signals-discrete
Introduction-signals
Signal is a function which varies with respect to time.
Conveys some information.
Represented as a function of one or more independent
variable.
System –accepts input and produce output.
Input and output to the system-signals.
REAL TIME EXAMPLES
Speed changes on the application of accelerator.
Speech- by creating fluctuations in the acoustic
pressure.
Picture –represented by brightness as a function of
two spatial variables.
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
1D SIGNALS 2D SIGNALS
One independent Two independent
variable variable
One dependent
One dependent variable
variable
eg: brightness of
a picture
Eg: speech signal
CLASSIFICATION
OF SIGNALS
CONTINUOUS DIGITAL
DISCRETE
CLASSIFICATION
CONTINUOUS DISCRETE
Eg:used
Takes
If in
only
dependent variable
Independent
demographic
also continuous-
Eg:used in
Takes
variable
If
integers. only
Independent
digital.
studies
demographic
also
discrete
dependent variable
continuous-
variable discrete
integers.
digital.
studies
P
P
o
o
Independent p
p
ul
ul
variable is at
at
continuous io
io
n
n
as
as
Signal is defined for
af
af
infinite values of
u
u
independent variable. n
n
ct
ct
Eg:atmospheric io
io
n
n
pressure as a of
of
function of altitude ye
ye
ar
ar
..
BASIC SIGNALS
UNIT IMPULSE
UNIT STEP
RAMP
EXPONENTIAL
SINUSOIDAL
SINC
SIGNUM
SQUARE
TRIANGLE
UNIT IMPULSE
Building block of other signals.
unit impulse function
2
1.5
1, n=0 1
Del[n]= 0.5
0,otherwise
x[n]
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
SIGNIFICANCE
Used to indicate sudden change in function
Theoretically speaking ,impulse function is not
afunction
Eg: if we press the switch , suddenly signal goes high
Other names-unit sample,dirac delta.
UNIT STEP
In engineering, one frequently encounter function
that can either on or off
1, n>=0
U[n]=
o, n<0
since it look like step, the name unit step is given
GRAPH:
unit step signal
2
1.5
0.5
u[n]
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
RAMP:
It is an elementary unary real function.
It is computed as a mean of its independent
variable and its absolute value
R[n]= n, n>=0
0, n<0
Graph:
ramp signal
3
2.5
2
x[n]
1.5
0.5
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
n
Sinc:
Also known as cardinal sine
Contraction form of the function sinus cardinalis
Sinc[n]= (sin(pi*n))/pi
If lt n 0,(derivative of nr/derivative of dr )=1
This shows an approximate way to define the sinc at
n=0.
GRAPH:
sinc signal
2
1.5
0.5
x[n]
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
EXPONENTIAL:
X[n]=c*a^n
Case 1: a>1 exponentially increase
case 2 : a<1 decaying exponential results
If c and a real real exponential
Radioactive decay, the response of RC circuits and
damped mechanical system- eg of decaying
exponential
Atomic explosion and complex chemical reaction-eg
for growing exponential
GRAPH:
exponential
35
30
25
20
u[n]
15
10
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
UNIT SQUARE:
It is a non sinusoidal wave.
Typically encountered in electronics and digital
signal processing
It is used to switch on or off the function.
X[n]= 1, 0<n<1
0,otherwise
Since the function is unit square,interval is between 0
and 1.
Graph:
square signal
2
1.5
0.5
x[n]
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
SIGNUM:
DEFINITION:
1, n>0
X[n]= -1, n<0
0, n=0
Signum is closely related to unit step function
GRAPH:
signum signal
2
1.5
0.5
signum[n]
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n
TRIANGULAR WAVE:
It is also a non sinusoidal wave.
Waveform is similar to shape of the triangle.
Like a square wave, the triangle wave also contains
only odd harmonics.
1- mod(n) -1<n<1
x[n]=
o otherwise
GRAPH:
unit triangle signal
2
1.5
0.5
x[n]
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
SINUSOIDAL:
The term ‘sinusoidal’ is used to represent both
sine and cos
X[n]=Asin(wn+p) ; where A=amplitude
w=angular frequency
p= phase angle
application
This function is commonly used in fourier
transform and communication system.
GRAPH:
discrete time sine signal
2
1.5
0.5
-->sin[n]
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-->n
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
C.DEEPAK CHANDRAN
M.KASI
R.RANJITH
PL.SUBBU GANESH
C.SUJEETH KUMAR
R.S.VIGNESHWARAN
JANAKIRAMAN
