LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
-APPLICATIONS
Modules 2 and 3
4 Full Questions
Laplace Transformations
Laplace transformation transforms a time-domain signal x(t) to an equivalent
signal X(s) in the complex frequency-domain. The frequency 's' is complex, i.e.,
s=σ+jω and hence X(s) is also complex.
x(t) ―> X(s)
Time-domain (t) ―> Complex frequency domain (s=σ+jω)
Independent variable (t) ―> Independent variable (s)
Similar to the simplifications on the mathematical operations
(multiplication->addition, division -> subtraction) on real numbers that logarithms
offers, LT offers several simplifications on functions and operations on these
functions. Some of the advantages of LT are:
LT simplifies functions:
exponential/transcendental -> algebraic
LT simplifies operations:
Differentiation/Integration -> Multiply/divide
LT gives total solution to DE:
total solution in one stroke—no separate y (t), y (t) - Initial conditions taken
N F
in the first step
LT effectively uses IR and SR:
If IR is known, response to arbitrary input can be found.
Laplace transformation
time domain
linear time
differential domain
equation solution
Laplace transform
inverse Laplace
transform
Laplace algebra Laplace
transformed
solution
equation
Laplace domain or
complex frequency domain
(One sided/unilateral) LT of a time-domain signal x(t) is represented as X(s) and
is defined as
(1)
x(t) is said to be transformable to X(s) iff the integral in (1) converges (to a finite
value for some value of s).
In other words, for X(s) to exist. Otherwise x(t) does not have a LT.
Only some typical values of σ of s=σ+jω will make the integral in (1) convergent,
and this range of values of σ is called Region of Convergence (RoC).
For most of the signals the convergence condition is satisfied and hence they
are Laplace transformable
The inverse LT of a frequency domain signal X(s) is represented as x(t) and is
defined as
(2)
Equations (1) and (2) are called LT Pairs.
Inverse Laplace Transform
The
and sinverse LT of a frequency domain signal X(s) is represented as x(t)
defined as
It is not convenient to evaluate this contour integral and hence a more
convenient Partial Fraction Expansion method is used for finding ILT.
LT of Standard Signals
1. Impulse signal
2. Step signal
3. Ramp signal
4. Exponential signal
5. Sinusoidal Signal
6. Cosine Signal
7. Power signal
Properties of LT
Linearity:
If (s) and (s)
Then (s)+
Scaling: If (s) Then ()
Differentiation: If (s) Then (s)-x(0)
Integration If (s) Then
Multiply by tn If (s) Then (s)
Divide by t If (s)
Then provided exists
LT Theorems
The
Shifting Theorem
If (s) Then (s)
The Periodic Theorem:
If , x(t)is a periodic signal with its first cycle
Then
Convolution Theorem:
If (s) and(s) Then (s)
The Initial Value Theorem:
If x(t) and its x’(t) are Laplace transformable,
Then the initial value of x(t) is
The Final Value Theorem:
If x(t) and its x’(t) are Laplace transformable,
The the final value of x(t) is
Draw these Signals
1. δ(t+a), δ(t), δ(t-a), -δ(t), -δ(t-a)
2. u(t+a), u(t),u(t-a), -u(t), -u(-a)
3. r(t+a), r(t), r(t-a), -r(t), -r(t-a)
4. t, t u(t), and note that r(t) = t u(t)
5. x(t) = Aeat when a<0, a=0, a>0 Note that for a=0 x(t)=Au(t)
6. x1(t) = r(t) – r(t-1) + u(t-2) – r(t-2) + r(t-4),
x2(t) = r(t+1) – r(t) + r(t-1) – 2r(t-2) + r(t-4)
7. x(t)=sin(ωt) -∞< t<∞, x(t)u(t), x(t)u(t-a), x(t-a)u(t), x(t-a)u(t-a). Take T=2s.
8. Re do (7) if x(t) is a periodic triangular wave with T=2s.
Draw the Signals and find
Their LTs
x(t) = r(t) – r(t-1) + u(t-2) – r(t-3) + r(t-5)
x(t) = {u(t-1) – u(t-3)}
x1(t) = t, x2(t) = t {u(t-1) – u(t-2}
x(t) = r(t+1) – r(t) + r(t-1) – 3u(t-2) + r(t-3) – r(t-4)
x1(t) = 2t +1; x2(t) = x1(t) {u(t) – u(t-1}
x1(t) = -2t +3; x2(t) = x1(t) {u(t) – u(t-4}
x1(t) = r(t); x2(t) = x1(t) {u(t-2) – u(t-3} ; x3(t) = -x1(t) {u(t-2) – u(t-3}
x(t) = e2t {u(t) – u(t-1} + u(t-1) – r(t-2) + r(t-3)
