Underground Wireless
Communication using
Magnetic Induction
SHALINI CHACKO
ROLL NO: 45
GUIDED BY: PURUSHOTHAMAN K.G.
Wireless Underground Communication
Networks(WUCN)
The WUCNs consist of wireless devices that operate
below the ground surface. They are either:
1) Buried completely under dense soil or
2) Placed within a bounded open underground space
like underground mines and road/subway tunnels.
Challenges faced in WUC
For WUCNs deployed in soil propagation medium in
no longer air but soil ,rock and water.
- Absorption of waves by soil, rock and water.
- Variation of properties (such as water content, soil
make up and density )with time and space.
For WUCNs deployed in latter case the characteristics
of EM waves are affected by the lossy dielectric walls
and ceilings of mines or tunnels.
Various methods of Underground
Wireless Communication
Electro magnetic (EM) waves
-It is used in all our terrestrial wireless communication.
Magnetic Induction (MI)Communication
- It is an alternative signal propagation technique using
coil of wire.
Magnetic Induction waveguide technique
- It is an improved and extended version of MI
communication.
EM waves in WUCNs
Disadvantages of using EM waves
High path loss
Dynamic channel condition
Large antenna size
Magnetic Induction waves in WUCNs
Advantages of MI technique in WUCN
No attenuation due to dynamic channel condition
Path loss of MI caused by soil absorption is much less
than the EM waves
Smaller antenna size
Disadvantages of MI waves
The magnetic field strength falls off much faster than
the EM waves.
The total path loss may still be higher
MI waveguide technique – a good solution
Advantages of MI waveguide technique
The path loss is greatly reduced by carefully designing
the waveguide parameters
Relay coils constituting the MI waveguide do not
consume any energy and costs less.
It is relatively flexible and easy to deploy and
maintain.
MI Channel Model
The transmission and reception are accomplished using
coil of wires
Fig. 1: MI channel
model
Contd…
Suppose the signal in the transmitter coil is a
sinusoidal current ,i.e. , This current can induce
another current in the receiver then accomplish the
communication.
The MI transmitter and receiver can be modeled as the
primary coil and secondary coil of a transformer
…(1)
Contd…
The relation connecting the transmitted power (Pt)
and the receiving power (Pr) is found from the
equivalent circuit as,
… (2)
The resistance is determined by the material ,size and
number of turns of the coil:
… (3)
The mutual inductance of two coils is given by,
… (4)
Self induction is found to be,
…(5)
Substituting these values we get,
… (6)
Thus the receiving power loss is a 6th – order function
of the transmission range r.
MI Waveguide modeling
This is a modified MI communication channel in
which relay coils are employed between the
transmitter and receiver.
Fig 2 : MI waveguide system
The sinusoidal current in the transmitter induces a
sinusoidal current in the relay which induces a current
in the next relay point and so on. These relay coils thus
act as an MI waveguide.
In the waveguide structure shown in the figure, n relay
coils are equally spaced along one axis between the
transmitter and receiver.
Fig 3 : Transformer model of waveguide
MI waveguide is modeled as a multi stage transformer,
where only adjacent coils are coupled.
By utilizing the equivalent circuit of the transformer , the
ratio of receiving power to transmitting power can be
derived ,
.. (7)
Under the condition of high signal frequency and large
number of turns are employed(), equation (7) can be
further simplified:
… (8)
In the equation (7), if the last term with exponent 2n
converges to value 1, the MI waveguide path loss can be
greatly reduced. So a capacitor is introduced in eaqch
coil.
… (9)
Then MI waveguide path loss becomes,
