Introduction

To
BOLTED CONNECTION
 INTRODUCTION
• A bolt is a metal pin with a head formed at
one end and shank threaded at the other in
order to receive a nut.
• On the basis of load transfer in
the connection bolts are classified
as:
• (a) Bearing Type
• (b) Friction Grip Type
 Types of bearing bolts
• There are two types of bearing type bolts,
namely,
• (i) Unfinished or Black Bolts.
• (ii) Finished or Turned Bolts.
 Unfinished or Black Bolts.
• The shanks of black bolts are unfinished, i.e.,
rough as obtained at the time of rolling.
• For black bolts, diameter of bolt hole is larger
and are used in most of the work.
• A black bolt is represented as M16, M20,
etc. which means black bolt of nominal
diameter 16 mm, black bolt of nominal
diameter 20 mm, etc.
 Finished or Turned Bolts.
• turned bolts are obtained by turning
hexagonal shank to circular shape.
• The bolt hole diameter is only 1.5 mm larger
than that of the shank in case of turned bolt.
• These bolts are used in special jobs like
connecting machine parts subject to dynamic
loadings.
High Strength Bolts
•For the ordinary bolted joints, the force is transferred
through the interlocking and bearing bolts.
•However, for high strength bolted joints this transfer of force
is accomplished through the friction between the interfaces
formed load carrying element jointed.
•This friction is developed by applying a load normal to the
joint by tightening these bolts to proof load.
•These are made from bars of medium carbon steel
•Their high strength is achieved through quenching and
tempering processes or by alloying steel.
•Steel washers of hard steel or carburized steel are provided,
to eventually distribute the clamping pressure on the bolt
member and to prevent the threaded portion of the bolt from
bearing on the connecting pieces.
•If the bolts are tightened by the turn of nut method, the nut is made snug and is
tightened a half turn more by hand wrenches, the the washers are not required.
•As the bolts are in tension up to proof load, loosening of nut and the washer is checked.
•Because of this property, the vibration and impact resistance of the joint is also
improved .
•The nut and the head of the bolt are kept sufficeiently large to provide and adequate
bearing area.
Principle of High strength Friction Grip bolt

These bolts have tensile strength several times that of the ordinary bolts.
so shear and beaingare not the critearia for load transmission as in the case of rivets,
which filll the hole completely .
The nut is tightened to to develop a clamping force on the plates which indicated as
tensile force T in the bolt
This tension should be about 90% of the proof load
When a shear load is applied is applied to the joint no slip will occur until the shear load
exceeds the frictional resistance between the elements joined.
When the shear load exceeds he frictional resisatnce a slip may occur.
F= μ T
Advantages of high strength friction
grip bolts
•These provide rigid joints. There is no slip between the elements connected.

•The tension in the bolt is uniform.

•Thee is stress concentration in the holes, therefore, the fatigue strength is more.

•Because of the clamping action, load is transmitted by friction only and the bolts are
not subjected to shear and bearing.

• The frictional resistance is effective outside the hole and therefore lesser load is
transmitted through the net section. Thus, the possibility of failure at the net section is
minimized.
 TERMINOLOGY
The following terms used in bolted connection
should be
1. Pitch of the Bolts (p): It is the centre-to-centre
spacing of the bolts in a row, measured along
the direction of load.
2. Gauge Distance (g): It is the distance between
the two consecutive bolts of adjacent rows and is
measured at right angles to the direction of load.
3. Edge Distance (e): It is the distance of bolt
hole from the adjacent edge of the plate.
 Grade Classification of Bolts
• The grade classification of bolt is indicative of the strength
of the material of the bolt. The two grades of bolts
commonly used are 4.6 and 8.8.
• For a 4.6 grade 4 indicates that the ultimate tensile
strength of the bolt,
fub = 4 x 100 = 400 N/mm2
and, 0.6 indicates that the yield strength of the bolt,
fyb= 0.6 x Ultimate strength
= 0.6 x 400 = 240 N/ mm2
The yield stress (fyb) and ultimate stress (fub) for the standard
grades of bolts are given in the table below;
 Specification
For connection, see section 10 code IS 800 : 2007.
1. Pitch 'p' shall not be less than 2.5d, where, 'd' is the
nominal diameter of bolt (also see clause 10.2.2 of code IS
800 : 2007)
2. Pitch 'p' shall not be more than;
a) 16 t or 200 mm whichever is less, in case of tension
members. (Also see clause 10.2.3.2 of code IS 800 : 2007).
b)12 t or 200 mm, whichever is less in case of compression
member where, 't' is the thickness of thinnest member.
c) In case of staggered pitch, pitch may be increased by 50
percent of values specified above provided gap distance is less
than 75 mm. (See clause 10.2.3.4 of code IS 800 : 2007).
3.In case of butt joints maximum pitch is to be restricted to 4.5
d for a distance of 1.5 times the width of plate from the butting
surface.
4.The gauge length 'g' should not be more than 100 + 4 t or 200
mm whichever is less.
5. Minimum edge distance shall not be;
a)Less than 1.7 x hole diameter in case of sheared or hand
flame cut edges.
b)Less than 1.5 x hole diameter in case of rolled, machine flame
cut, sawn and planed edges (See clause 10.2.4.2 of code IS 800:
2007).
6. Maximum edge distance (e) should not exceed
a) 12tE where, and 't' is thickness of thinner outer
plate (See clause 10.2.4.3 of code IS 800 : 2007).
b)40 + 4 t where, 't' is the thickness of thinner connected
plate, if exposed to corrosive influences.
 Types of Bolted Connections
Types of joints may be grouped into the following two;
a) Lap Joint: It is simplest types of joints. In this, plates to
be connected overlap one another.
b) Butt Joint: In this type of connection, the two main plates
about against each other and the connection is made by
providing a single cover plate connected to the main plate
or by double cover plates, one on either side connected to
the main plates.
 Bolted joint
lap joint Butt joint
LAP Joint
1. Two members to be connected are overlapped and connected together. Such a
joint is called a lap joint.
2. The load in the lap joint has eccentricity, as the centre of gravity of load in
one member and the centre of gravity of load in second member are not in
the same line.

3. There fore a couple is formed which causes undesirable bending in the

connection and bolt may fail in tension.
4. To minimise the effect of bending in lap joints at least two bolts in a line
should be provided .
5. Also, due to eccentricity the stresses are distributed unevenly across the
contact area between the bolts and the members connected.
6. This puts the limitations on the use of lap joints .
Butt Joint
1. Two members to be connected are placed end to end . Additional plat/ plates
provide on either one or both the sides, called cover plates, are placed and
connected to the main plates.

2. If the cover plate is provided on one side it is called as singke butt joint, but if the
cover plates are provided on both the side of the main plates is called as dpuble
cover butt joint.
2. It is more desirable to provide a butt joint for two main reasons
. In the case of double cover butt joint the total shear force to be
transmitted by the members is split into two parts and the force acts on
each half, but in the case of lap joint there is only one plane on which the
force acts and there fore the shear carrying of bolt in a butt joint is
double that of bolt in a lap joint.
. In the case of double cover butt joint, eccentricity of force
doesn’t exist and hence bending is eliminated, whereas it exists in the
case of a lap joint.
THANK YOU