Computer Basics

File Management

CNG 100 – Introduction to Information Technologies

and Applications
Lecture - 1

Instructors: Dr. İdil Candan,Şükrü Eraslan

CNG 100 - lecture 1 1/27

 Computer System
• A computer (or a computer system) is a set of tools
that helps you to perform information-processing
tasks.
• A complete computer system consists of 4 parts:
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– User

CNG 100 - lecture 1 2/27

 Hardware
• Hardware includes physical devices that make up
your computer.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 3/27

 Software
• Software consists of instructions that control the
hardware and cause the desired process to happen.

• Software tells the computer what to do.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 4/27

 Data and User
• Data consist of individual facts or pieces of
information.
• A computer’s primary job is to process these tiny
pieces of data, converting them into useful
information.
• People that work with computers are called users.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 5/27

 Information Processing Cycle
• Using all its’ parts together, a computer converts data
into information by performing various actions on the
data.
• These actions:
– Receive data (Input)
– Process the data according to instructions (Process)
– Display the resulting information to the user (Output)
– Store the results (Storage)

CNG 100 - lecture 1 6/27

Information Processing Cycle (cont..)

CNG 100 - lecture 1 7/27

 Input
• Input: Computer accepts the data from some source,
such as the user or a program, for processing.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 8/27

 Input (cont..)

Input hardware
• Keyboard
• Pointing Devices: Mouse, Touchpad, Joystick
• Scanner
• Microphone
• Webcam

CNG 100 - lecture 1 9/27

 Processing
• Processing: is the manipulation a computer makes
to transform data into information.
• Computer uses processor (Central Processing Unit,
CPU) and memory for processing.
• CPU is the brain of the computer system.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 10/27

 Processing (cont..)
• There are 2 kinds of operations:
– Arithmetic operations:
Answer = (first + second) * factor;
– Logical Operations:
5 < 54

• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) of CPU is

responsible for arithmetic and logical operations.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 11/27

 Processing (cont..)
• There are 2 kinds of memory:
– Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM holds data
and program instructions temporarily.
• RAM is volatile; it loses its contents when the
computer is shut off.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 12/27

 Processing (cont..)
• RAM has great impact on the speed and power of a
computer.
• The more RAM a computer has, the more it can do and
the faster it can perform certain task.
• The measurement unit for describing a computer’s
memory is the byte.
• A bit is an electronic signal which is either on (1) or off
(0).

CNG 100 - lecture 1 13/27

 Processing (cont..)
• ROM permanently stores its data, even when the
computer is turned off.
• ROM is non-volatile and not writable.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 14/27

 Output
• Output: To display the results like text, numbers,
graphics, sound.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 15/27

 Output (cont..)

Output Hardware
• Monitor
• Printer

CNG 100 - lecture 1 16/27

 Storage
• Storage: The computer stores the results on some
kind of medium.

• 2 kinds of storages:
– Primary storage (RAM and ROM)
– Secondary storage

CNG 100 - lecture 1 17/27

 Secondary Storage
• Secondary storage is non-volatile. It stores the data
or information permanently.
• Three kinds of secondary storage:
– Magnetic Storage
– Optical Storage
– Flash Memory

CNG 100 - lecture 1 18/27

 Secondary Storage (cont..)

1. Magnetic Storage: Hard Disk

2. Optical Storage (using lasers): CD-ROM, Digital

Video Disc (DVD)

CNG 100 - lecture 1 19/27

 Secondary Storage (cont..)

3. Flash Memory: It is used in memory cards and USB

flash drives.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 20/27

 Essential Computer Hardware
• Ports: A socket at the back of a computer used to
plug in external devices such as a modem, mouse,
scanner or printer.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 21/27

 Essential Computer Hardware (cont..)
• Wireless Ports: While using wireless devices, you do
not need any wire or connectors. The connection is
achieved in 2 ways:
– IrDa: using infrared lights
– Bluetooth: is a kind of radio wave used between a
cellular phone and computer

CNG 100 - lecture 1 22/27

 Software Categories
• There are 2 categories of software: system software and
application software.
• System software determines how your computer carries
out technology-specific and essential tasks like managing
internal and external devices.
• There are 3 basic components of system software:
– Operating Systems: Linux, Windows, Mac OS
– Device Drives: Control peripheral devices
– Utility Programs: Support, enhance or expand existing
programs in a computer system like antivirus programs

CNG 100 - lecture 1 23/27

 Software Categories (cont..)
• Application Software allows you to perform specific
information-processing tasks such as writing a term
paper, or creating slides for a presentation.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 24/27

Summary

CNG 100 - lecture 1 25/27

 File Management
• A file is a typed document.
• A folder is little more than a container in
which you can store files.
• A file name is made up of 2 parts: name of
the document and extension.

CNG 100 - lecture 1 26/27

 File Management (cont..)
• Path is the address where a file lives.
– Example: C:\My Documents\paper.docx
• Common file types that you can create are as follows:
– Image files: jpeg, png, gif
– Text files: txt, rtf, htm, html
– Video files: avi, mpeg
– Music files: wma,mp3
– Documents: doc, docx, xls, xlsx, pdf
– Executable files: exe

CNG 100 - lecture 1 27/27

TIME TO DO THE ACTIVITIES!
 Reference
• http://ii.metu.edu.tr/presentations-and-tutorials